Female Genital Mutilation: Long Term Psychological Effects Essay

Female Genital Mutilation, or Female Circumcision as sometimes called, is thepartial or complete removal of the female button immediately after birth, fewyears after birth (early childhood), or several years after birth (adolescence).Originally, female genital mutilation was practiced to go out female virginityuntil marriage as it was discovered that by the partial or complete removal ofthe clitoris, a females sexual urge is minimized and, therefore, a female child couldhave more control over her sexual desires. Because virginity was and remains avery crucial factor in almost every society, circumcision was invented way inthe past before any of the Heavenly Religions appe bed. In fact, the mosttraditional and conservative type of circumcision is the Pharoanic type(Infibulation), where the complete removal of the clitoris occurs and the vulvawalls are stitch together leaving a small opening for urination and menstrualdischarge. Nowadays, however, it continues to be practiced in Africa and theMiddle East mostly due to loving forces. New reasoning developed through theyears to keep the ritual going on. The many reasons given for the practice arebewildering and unfounded in any scientific or medical fact. They fall into fourmain categories psycho-sexual, religious, sociological and hygienic. Among thepsycho-sexual reasons is a belief that the clitoris is an aggressive organ thatthreatens the male organ and regular endangers babies during delivery. It isbelieved that if a babys head touches the mothers clitoris during birth, thechild will be born with a low IQ. Hence, a girl who is not circumcised, isconsidered unclean by local villagers and thusly unmarriageable. A girl who doesnot have here clitoris removed is considered a great danger and ultimately fatalto a man if her clitoris touches his penis. Also, the circumcision issue is seenas a form of beauty. It is seen as aesthetically beautiful, as genitals aredisfiguring and ugly in their natural state (Rea l Net, 2). In short, immediatelythe practice isnt done to explicitly mean that girls are untrustable, butbecause, presently, the womans clitoris is considered to be an ugly part in awomans body and perceived to be harmful in many ways. And not long ago, SigmundFreud wrote The elimination of clitorial sexuality is a necessary preconditionfor the developm... ...found in the understandably screwed up countries of northern and westerly Africa.And if you come to the west and do this, theyll throw your ass in jail(hopefully) forever. In defense for such an offensive article came out anarticle from an Arabic Doctor, who refused to reveal his identity, saying thatof course he approved of that girl being circumcised. And here are some of thethings that he wrote where the girl gains from being circumcised * It raisesher status in her community, both because of the added purity that circumcisionbrings and the bravery that initiates are called upon to show. * It confersmaturity and inculates positive character traits, including the ability toendure pain and a submissive nature. * The circumcision ritual is an enjoyableone, in which the girl is the center of attention and receives presents andmoral instructions from her elders. * All impure tissue is removed and the girlis sewn up until her wedding night. This is how significant the mentalpart of it is. No matter how much descent education people get, if they haverouted traditions they will always find ways to approve of them even if they areclear disasters.

Big Box Retailers :: essays research papers

America has always been a country where freedom has been treasured. Freedom is the most basic, wanted principle that America was founded on. Whenever a flagellum looms, it is the cry and demand for freedom that pulls at the heartstrings of all Ameri arseholes and moves them to action. Any threat to freedom is, in essence, a threat to America. This is usually interpreted as only a military threat, but there is another form the threat could take that is equally dangerous an frugal threat. This is why there are laws against monopolies so that one company never has an unfair advantage over another. Freedom, equal opportunity for all. Enter the world of big box retailers. These companies are the biggest and most profitable there are to be found in America the cornerstones of American economic prosperity. Some people, however, contest that the negatives of having a big box retailer in your town far outweigh the positives. Over the years and through many debates and conflicts it has become apparent that, no progeny how beneficial big box retailers are to America, they have an overall negative effect on the American people.Some of the negative aspects of big box retailers can be seen in the effects on the environment and economy. Pollution has always been a big concern for anyone who has seen films or pictures from some(prenominal) of the Southeast Asian countries, where smog sometimes fills the whole sky of cities. Indeed, pollution is a terrible thing, but unfortunately it is a real concern for our modern times. There is always a price to pay for advancing, and in many cases that price is the creation of harmful substances to the environment around us, and sometimes even to us. One shocking example of this happened not so long ago right here in the United States, when one of the five great lakes, Lake Erie, was so full of pollution around Cleveland that close to all of the wildlife died and people could literally walk across the top of the pollution on the lake. Obviously, nobody wants anything like this to ever happen again. Fortunately, the lake was eventually cleaned up, but the malign was done, both to the environment and to the psyche and mindset of the American people. Some people see big box retailers as a cause of much pollution, and for some people thats all they need to hear in order to be eternally opposed against big box retailers.

Look at the significance of chapter five to the novel as a whole. Essay

Look at the signifi trickce of chapter five to the novel as a whole.Focus on the relevance and government issue of the writers language to describesetting, character and what it shows slightly social and historicalinfluences.Frankenstein is a Victorian novel written in the gothic genre. It isabout a man, Victor Frankenstein, giving life to an inanimate beingand abandoning it. The monster past seeks revenge and the love of whathe believes to be his mother, Frankenstein.The author, Mary Shelley, wrote the book at the age of nineteen butwas not able to get the book published at outgrowth, as she was a woman.Her husband, Percy Shelley, finally got the book published by anunknown author. It took years for Mary Shelley to officially becomeknown as the author of Frankenstein. At the time the ideas portrayedin Frankenstein were grotesque and many a(prenominal) ruling it unbelievable forthese thoughts to have come from the mind of a woman.Chapter five is the most significant chapter wit hin the book as thisis where the monster is created, which is the main beginning to thestory. The first four chapters are to set the scene for the story andto show why Victor Frankenstein was so determined to bring life to aninanimate object.The novel addresses many important issues. Mary Shelley writes abouthow Frankenstein chose the most perfect body parts for his creationbut once it is complete he finally sees the monster he has created. No mortal could support the horror of that countenance, this showsthat when Frankenstein finally sees what the monster looks like hebecomes afraid. Frankenstein had been blinded by obsession and has nosense of reality, how can I describe my emotions at thiscatastrophe. He has taken such ... ...d.She shows this in the story as the monster was infused with life byelectricity. Mary Shelley has a lot of social influence in the novelas she talks about the monster losing his mother, which symbolises theloss of her own mother. She was also shunned by society when she espouse Percy Shelley, which is like the society shunning the monster.When she talks about Frankenstein abandoning his creation she is represent the death of her own children. Also when she talks aboutthe monsters sense of abandonment she is symbolising her life as at ayoung age as her mother died. She then ran away with Percy Shelley andwas shunned by society and her father. Her and Percy had threechildren, two of whom died, and then Percy drowned leaving her with atwo-year-old child and no money. The novel of Frankenstein reflectssome of the pain within Mary Shelleys life.

Japanimation Essay examples -- Japanese Animation Art Artistic Essays

Japanimation Japanimation (Japanese animation) is becoming one of Japans most popular exports to the world it has become a growing phenomenon in the US. Anime has attracted hordes of fans in many countries the artistic detail, and the intriguing and the outrageous storylines be causing fans to be addicted. College fan clubs, societies, and the Internet have popularized anime (derived from a French word, but is use in Japan to describe animation) to the point of conventions being held all over the world. Anime ratings range from G to NC-17. These ratings only exist when they are imported into the US, as in Japan their rating system is different. The Japanese air shows on television that contains a lot of violence and nudity in it. On American television, extreme violence and nudity is prohibited for children, especially if the show is animated. Some animes are cute and are made specifically for children then there are animes that are for teenagers that have romance, love, and everyd ay situations that teenagers go through. The most gruesome kind of anime consists of bloodshed, violence, nudity, sex, and bad language. Ding said, Well first of all, when you have Saturday morning cartoons on channel twenty and fifty, people thirst for good animation and something different. Anime is just that, Americans have never seen or even thought of extreme violence, nudity, or cussing in cartoons. Since the Japanese dont think that nudity in cartoons is lewd, no one in Japan cares if they see someone naked popping up on the screen (G. Ding, personal communication, November 2, 2000). Borshansky stated, American cartoon culture finally got tired of Donald Duck and Mickey Mouse. They wanted some depth to cartoons, compelling... ...ory of Anime. (1996). Retrieve April 20, 2003 from the World colossal Web. http//www.awn.com/mag/issue1.5/articles/patten1.5.html OConnell, M. Japanese Manga and Animation A Brief History of Animation. (2000). Retrieve April 20, 2003 from the World Wide Web. http//www.uncc.edu/medomoto/3209/anime/anime_history.html Simmons, M. (2000, November). Pokemon The first movie. Animerica, 7, 7-11. The Right Stuf International Inc. The right stuf - An access to anime. (1996). Retrieved April 20, 2003 from the World Wide Web. http//www.rightstuf.com/resource/globalhistory.shtml History of Japanese anime. The origins of anime. (No date). Retrieved November 2, 2000 from the World Wide Web. http//www.mvhs.net/animetq/frames.html Pokemon Information. March 18, 2004 from the World Wide Web. http//mcel.pacificu.edu/as/students/pokemon/info.html

Is It Proper to place someone in jail for a seatbelt violation Essay

States across the nation have gift do laws in place that make it a requirement for drivers and passengers in fomites that argon being operated on popular streets to wear or so sort of safety belt. In 1998, 41,471 people were killed in 6,334,000 reported motor vehicle accidents in the United States. Seat belts atomic number 18 estimated to let off 9,500 lives each year, and statistics show a higher degree of seat-belt phthisis in states that aggressively enforce seat belt laws. The laws, as salubrious as the punishments avail adapted for violation of the laws vary by state. In most states, however, it is considered a misdemeanor and punishable by a sm each fine. The properness of an arrest for such violations is a good question and has been addressed by various court of justices including the Supreme Court. In northmost Carolina, the Click It or Ticket weapons platform was put into place in 1993 by former Governor Jim Hunt to increase safety belt and sister safety use ra tes through stepped up enforcement of the states safety belt law. According to North Carolinas safety belt law all drivers and crusade seat passengers over the age of 16 are required to wear safety belts. Children less than age 16 are covered under the North Carolina Child Restraint Law. This law requires that children must be buckled up no matter where they are seated in the vehicle. Violators of the safety belt law are issued tickets and are subject to a fine of $25 plus $50 court costs. These violations have been defined as infractions and are not entered on drive records. In addition to this, effective January 1, 2005, any child less than 8 years old or 80 pounds in weight must trounce in a booster seat. Violations of this law allow result in a $25 fine plus court costs as well as having 2 points placed against drivers license. However, drivers cited for this violation of this law for a 5,6, or 7 year old will be able to have the charges dismissed if they present proof to th e court that they have acquired an appropriate restraint for that child. Statistics have been gathered on safety belt use since this program began and has shown that seat belt use has increased from 65 percent to 84 percent. It has also shown that fatal and serious injuries in North Carolina have been cut by 14 percent. Resulting in a savings of at least $135 million in health care related costs. Other positive ef... ...rrests for all sorts of relatively minor offenses unaccompanied by violence, including, among others, nighttime walking, unlawful game-playing, profane cursing, and negligent carriage-driving. The Supreme Court has acknowledged that the court has had little to say around warrantless misdemeanor arrest authority however in what little they have said they have focused on the circumstance that an offense was committed in the officers presence, to the omission of any interview to a breach of the peace limitation. It has been determined by the Supreme Court that it is proper to arrest individual for a violation of a seat belt law if it has been violated in the presence of an officer. All 50 states and the District of Columbia have statutes that let warrantless misdemeanor arrests by at least some peace officers without requiring any breach of the peace. Because The Click it or Ticket program in North Carolina has served as a model for the nation and the Presidential initiative for Increasing safety belt use Nationwide highly recommends that other communities adopt this program it appears as though safety belt laws will maintain to exist for years to come. Is It Proper to place someone in jail for a seatbelt violation move States across the nation have seat belt laws in place that make it a requirement for drivers and passengers in vehicles that are being operated on public streets to wear some sort of safety belt. In 1998, 41,471 people were killed in 6,334,000 reported motor vehicle accidents in the United States. Seat belt s are estimated to save 9,500 lives each year, and statistics show a higher degree of seat-belt use in states that aggressively enforce seat belt laws. The laws, as well as the punishments obtainable for violation of the laws vary by state. In most states, however, it is considered a misdemeanor and punishable by a small fine. The properness of an arrest for such violations is a good question and has been addressed by various courts including the Supreme Court. In North Carolina, the Click It or Ticket program was put into place in 1993 by former Governor Jim Hunt to increase safety belt and child safety use rates through stepped up enforcement of the states safety belt law. According to North Carolinas safety belt law all drivers and front seat passengers over the age of 16 are required to wear safety belts. Children less than age 16 are covered under the North Carolina Child Restraint Law. This law requires that children must be buckled up no matter where they are seated in the v ehicle. Violators of the safety belt law are issued tickets and are subject to a fine of $25 plus $50 court costs. These violations have been defined as infractions and are not entered on driving records. In addition to this, effective January 1, 2005, any child less than 8 years old or 80 pounds in weight must ride in a booster seat. Violations of this law will result in a $25 fine plus court costs as well as having 2 points placed against drivers license. However, drivers cited for this violation of this law for a 5,6, or 7 year old will be able to have the charges dismissed if they present proof to the court that they have acquired an appropriate restraint for that child. Statistics have been gathered on safety belt use since this program began and has shown that seat belt use has increased from 65 percent to 84 percent. It has also shown that fatal and serious injuries in North Carolina have been cut by 14 percent. Resulting in a savings of at least $135 million in health care r elated costs. Other positive ef... ...rrests for all sorts of relatively minor offenses unaccompanied by violence, including, among others, night walking, unlawful game-playing, profane cursing, and negligent carriage-driving. The Supreme Court has acknowledged that the court has had little to say about warrantless misdemeanor arrest authority however in what little they have said they have focused on the circumstance that an offense was committed in the officers presence, to the omission of any reference to a breach of the peace limitation. It has been determined by the Supreme Court that it is proper to arrest someone for a violation of a seat belt law if it has been violated in the presence of an officer. All 50 states and the District of Columbia have statutes that permit warrantless misdemeanor arrests by at least some peace officers without requiring any breach of the peace. Because The Click it or Ticket program in North Carolina has served as a model for the nation and the Presidential Initiative for Increasing safety belt use Nationwide highly recommends that other communities adopt this program it appears as though safety belt laws will continue to exist for years to come.

Online Newspapers Over Dinner -- Internet Web News Essays

Online Newspapers Over Dinner From accessing new-sprung(prenominal)spapers without a subscription to searching for articles and being able to find them with a simple click of a mouse, online newspapers hold up increasingly evolved over the past decade, through their convenient sources and new innovations. The following discusses these developments and the reasons for popularity and alike includes a fictional dinner conversation between experts on these types of publications. My thoughts of this new media are also explored in the first place and after researching the topic. A drop of sweat trickles down my cheek as I race through my house finalizing plans for the processed dinner party. Experts from all across the United States will convene at my residence for dinner, socialization, and discussion of online newspapers. Not only have I spent weeks scrub every white linoleum tile in my kitchen and waxing all the wooden floors in the house, especially in the dining room, but I also bought a lavish chandelier with glistening crystals hanging down from its frame and porcelain china for a pleasurable dining experience. Actually preparing the food became an entire go crisis. I knew some of the authors were vegetarians, lactose intolerant, or simply possessed picky eating habits, so I arranged for six different entres for the guests to accept from in order to satisfy their hunger. I had never gone so far out of my way to please other people, and I prayed that all my sonorous work and consideration would pay off. My anticipation and anxiety would soon be settled in less than an hour. By 655, five minutes before expected, my first guests arrived. Shannon E. Martin and Kathleen A. Hansen entered my home, displaying typical librarian and p... ... since the various articles have to be clicked on continuously instead of simply opening to the desired section and they cannot be carried around. Everyones eyes widened and mouths dropped even at the co nclusion of his ideals, as no one knew exactly what to say next. Finally, as everyone began shouting his or her own ideas and beliefs, a acute debate turned into a verbal war. Then, Katz, sat up, thanked me for my hospitality, and proceeded to walk out the door, start up his motorcycle and leave. Again, the same eerie silence plagued the room and gradually, from each one person changed conversation topics over a white chocolate cheesecake and hazelnut coffee. About an hour later, all my guests began to leave for the evening. Exhausted and overwhelmed by the evenings events, I sat at the kitchen in awe and wondering how I would ever form an opinion of online newspapers.

Medieval European Sports

Sports in the Middle Ages The sports of medieval Europe were less-well-organized than those of classical antiquity. Fairs and seasonal festivals were occasions for men to lift st iodins or sacks of grain and for women to run smock races (for a smock, not in one). The favourite sport of the peasantry was folk football, a preposterous no-holds-barred unbounded game that pitted get married men against bachelors or one village against another.The violence of the game, which survived in Britain and in France until the late 19th century, prompted Renaissance humanists, such as Sir Thomas Elyot, to condemn it as more likely to maim than to benefit the participants. The nascent bourgeoisie of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance amused itself with archery duetes, some of which were arranged months in advance and staged with big fanfare. When town met town in a challenge of skill, the companies of crossbowmen and longbowmen marched behind the symbols of St.George, St. Sebastian, and other patrons of the sport. It was not unusual for contests in running, jumping, cudgeling, and wrestling to be offered for the lower classes who attended the match as spectators. Grand feasts were part of the program, and drunkenness commonly added to the revelry. In Germanic areas a Pritschenkoenig was supposed to simultaneously keep order and entertain the crowd with apposite verses. The burghers of medieval towns were welcome to watch the aristocracy at play, but they were not allowed to participate in tournaments or even, in most parts of Europe, to compete in imitative tournaments of their own. Tournaments were the jealously guarded prerogative of the medieval knight and were, along with hunting and hawking, his favourite pastime. At the tilt, in which mounted knights with lances tried to unhorse one another, the knight was practicing the art of war, his raison detre.He displayed his prowess before lords, ladies, and commoners and profited not only from valuable prizes but also fro m ransoms exacted from the losers. Between the 12th and the 16th century, the dangerously wild free-for-all of the early tournament evolved into dramatic presentations of courtly life in which elaborate pageantry and allegorical display quite overshadowed the frequently inept jousting. nigh danger remained even amid the display. At one of the last great tournaments, in 1559, Henry II of France was mortally wounded by a splintered lance.Peasant women participated freely in the ball games and footraces of medieval times, and aristocratic ladies hunted and kept falcons, but middle-class women contented themselves with spectatorship. Even so, they were more active than their contemporaries in Heian Japan during the eighth to 12th centuries. Encumbered by many-layered robes and sequestered in their homes, the Japanese ladies were unable to do more than peep from behind their screens at the courtiers mounted archery contests

Food Critique History Essay

Food history is an interdisciplinary field that examines the history of food, and the cultural, economic, environmental, and sociological impacts of food. Food history is considered distinct from the more tralatitious field of culinary history, which focuses on the origin and recreation of specific recipes. Food historians look at food as one of the most important elements of cultures, reflecting the kind and economic structure of society. Food history is a untried discipline, considered until recently a fringe discipline.The first daybook in the field, Petits Propos Culinaires was launched in 1979 and the first throng on the subject was the Food & muniment is a multilingual (French, English, German, Italian and Spanish) scientific journal that has been published since 2003. Food & memorial is the biannual scientific refresh of the European Institute for the History and Cultures of Food (IEHCA) based in Tours. It publishes papers about the history and culture of food. The rev iewFood & History is the biannual scientific review of the Institut Europeen dHistoire et des Cultures de lAlimentation / European Institute for the History and Culture of Food (IEHCA) in Tours, France. Founded in 2003, it is the first journal in Europe, both in its vocation and concept, specialised in the specific field of food history. Food & History aims at presenting, promoting and diffusing explore that focuses on bread and butter from an historical and/or cultural perspective.The journal studies food history (from prehistory to the present), food archaeology, and food culture from different points of view. It embraces social, economic, religious, political, agronomical, and cultural aspects of food and nutrition. It deals at the very(prenominal) time with questions of food consumption, production and distribution, with alimentation theories and practices (medical aspects included), with food- related to paraphernalia and infrastructures, as well as with culinary practices, gastronomy, and restaurants.Being positioned at the cross-roads of the humanities and social sciences, the review on purpose promotes interdisciplinary research approaches. Although most contributions are concerned with European food history, the journal principally also welcomes articles on other food cultures. Food & History is a fully-fledged academic journal which applies the usual methodical instruments for assessing incoming articles, i. e. a double-blind reviewing process by external referees, recruited from a large and ever-growing intercontinental pool of experts in the field of social and cultural food studies.Food & History belongs to a decreasing spectrum of journals which openly expresses its European and international character by accepting manuscripts in five European languages (English, French, Spanish, Italian, and German). Food & History gains official recognition from the Institut des Sciences Humaines et Sociales of the CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scie ntifique) and is indexed by the European Reference Index for the arts (ERIH) of the European Science Foundation (History category B).Food & History can be published thanks to the financial support from the Ministere de lEducation nationale, Ministere de lenseignement superieur et de la recherche, Universite Francois-Rabelais de Tours, and the Conseil Regional du Centre. edit History Food and History was created by a network of academic researchers and students, with the help of the French Ministry for National Education and the University of Tours. The journal is carry on by the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS)1 and is cited by the European Science Foundation in its European Reference Index for the liberal arts (ERIH)2.The launch of Food & History was on the one handwriting a logical fruit of the foundation of the European Institute for the History of Food in December 2000 in Strasbourg (redefined in 2005 as European Institute for the History and Culture of Fo od), and on the other hand a clear manifestation of the stepwise breakthrough of social and cultural food studies as an independent field of research during the first decades of the 21st century. The emergence of this sub-discipline had, of course, been anticipated in an impressive destroy of food-related research, conducted by scholars from adjacent fields, such as e. . economic history, agricultural history, history of the body etc.However, the scholars behind these pioneering works were generally operating on a rather individual base and they would not have defined themselves as food historians. It was only with the foundation of the journal Food and Foodways in 1986 and of the International way for Research into European Food History (ICFREH) by Hans-Jurgen Teuteberg in Munster 1989 that a first infrastructural framework for social and cultural ood studies was provided. In the decades around the turn of the century, a lot of new food-related research initiatives became visibl e, thus demonstrating the vitality of this research area. In 1997, the Department of History at the University of Adelaide established a Research Centre for the History of Food and Drink. In 2001, a new web-journal The Anthropology of Food was launched and in 2004 the American Association for the Study of Food and Society re-launched a journal, entitled Food, Culture and Society. virtually the turn of the century, due to amongst others new appointments in the editor programial board, the research interest of the journal Food and Foodways changed in a two-fold sense on the one hand it shifted away from familiar disciplines (history, sociology, ethnology) toward unexpectedones (communication sciences, linguistics, tourism), on the other hand it became increasingly dominated by Anglo-Saxon input, especially from scholars from the USA, whereas the influence of the traditional French research schools significantly diminished.Some scholars argue that this exotic publication strategy of Food and Foodways may have led to the launch of the new food history journal Food & History. Be that as it may, it was from the very start of the European Institute for the History of Food obvious that this new Europe-wide food research initiative should be accordingly accompanied by the launch of a new publication platform. And so happened three years after its foundation, the IEHA announced the introduction of a new journal, Food & History, which still appears under the aegis of IEHCA, represented by its director Francis Chevrier (series editor).It started with a 7-persons board, consisting of four historians, one sinologist, one sociologist and Secretary Christophe Marion. As from volume 4. 2 (publication year 2006), the editorial board was almost doubled, with the addition of a philologist, archaeologist, classicist, and three historians. After a transition period and the appointment of a new secretary in 2007, the journal has been increasingly professionalised, amongst others by the introduction of a new uniform style sheet (link) and by the application of a comprehensive catch reviewing system (starting with volume 5. 1).These assessments are normally carried out on an entirely honorary base. However, by way of acknowledgement, the names of external referees are regularly published, usually in the last issue of each volume. Another development that bears witness of the increasing professionalisation of the journal was the change in its direction. During the initial period, Massimo Montanari had served as editor in chief, but in 2008 the editorial board declared itself openly in favour of a new dual leading structure, which rotates among the board members, openhanded each tandem a triennial turn (which is once renewable for another turn of three years).During a transitional year (2009), Montanari was accompanied by Allen Grieco and Peter Scholliers, who in the subsequent year took over the torch of the journals direction. Yet another step towards furthe r professionalisation was the introduction of a group of interchangeable members as from 2010, with the aim to represent the journals interests in different world regions and to establish a permanent flow of food research related information between these regions and the journals headquarters.

Services

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter Conceptual material of the Book The infracts poser of dish character reference 2 2-2 Variations of the ruptures present Five utility Quality Gaps Variations of the Gaps poser Six dish Quality Gaps Variations of the Gaps stick 13 Service Quality Gaps (Gaps mould gone wild) Chapter Conceptual Framework of the Book The Gaps Model of Service Quality ? The Customer Gap ? (Sometimes referred to as Gap 5) 2 ? The Provider Gaps ? Gap 1 The Listening Gap ? not knowing what nodes depend Gap 2 The Service Design and Standards Gap ? not having the right expediency designs and standards ? Gap 3 The Service Performance Gap ? not delivering to good standards ? Gap 4 The Communication Gap ? not matching carrying out to promises ? Putting It All Together Closing the Gaps 2-6 Chapter Conceptual Framework of the Book The Gaps Model of Service Quality 2 The Customer Gap Chapter 3 Cus tomer Expectations of Service Chapter 4 Customer Perceptions of Service 2-7 Chapter Conceptual Framework of the Book The Gaps Model of Service Quality 2 Gap 1 non Knowing What Customers Expect (The Knowledge Gap) Chapter 5 Listening to Customers through Research Chapter 6 edifice Customer Relationships Chapter 7 Service Recovery 2-8 Chapter Conceptual Framework of the Book The Gaps Model of Service Quality 2 Gap 2 not Having the indemnify Service Quality Designs and Standards (The Service Design and Standards Gap) Chapter 8 Service Innovation and Design Chapter 9 Customer-Defined Service Standards Chapter 10 Physical Evidence and the Servicescape 2-9 Chapter Conceptual Framework of the Book The Gaps Model of Service Quality 2Gap 3 Not Delivering to Service Standards (The Service Performance Gap) Chapter 11 Employees Roles in Service Delivery Chapter 12 Customers Roles in Service Delivery Chapter 13 Managing Demand and Capacity 2-10 Chapter Conceptual Framework of the Book The Gaps Model of Service Quality 2 Gap 4 Not Matching Performance to Promises (The Communication Gap) Chapter 14 Integrated Service marketing Communications Chapter 15 Pricing of Services 2-11 Objectives for Chapter 2 The Gaps Model of Service Quality ? Introduce the framework, exclaimed the snaps model of emolument quality, used to organize this textbook. face that the gaps model is a useful framework for understanding improvement quality in an organization. ? Demonstrate that the most critical service quality gap to close is the customer gap, the difference between customer expectations and perceptions. ? Show that four gaps that occur in companies, which we call supplier gaps, are responsible for the customer gap. ? Identify the factors responsible for individually of the four provider gaps. 2-12 Gaps Model of Service Quality 2-13 The Customer Gap weigh about a service you receive. Is there a gap between your expectations and perceptions of that service?What do you expect that you do not receive? 2-14 Key Factors lead story to the Customer Gap Customer Gap Customer Expectations ? Provider Gap 1 Not knowing what customers expect ? Provider Gap 2 Not selecting the right service designs and standards ? Provider Gap 3 Not delivering to service standards ? Provider Gap 4 Not matching performance to promises Customer Perceptions 2-15 Gaps Model of Service Quality ? Customer Gap ? difference between customer expectations and perceptions ? Provider Gap 1 (Listening Gap) ? not knowing what customers expect ? Provider Gap 2 (Service Design & Standards Gap) not having the right service designs and standards ? Provider Gap 3 (Service Performance Gap) ? not delivering to service standards ? Provider Gap 4 (Communication Gap) ? not matching performance to promises 2-16 Provider Gap 1 CUSTOMER Customer expectations Perceived Service go with Gap 1 The Listening Gap federation perceptions of customer expectations 2-17 Key Factors Leading to Provider Gap 1 2-18 Provider Gap 2 CUSTOMER COMPANY Customer-driven service designs and standards Gap 2 The Service Design and Standards Gap Company perceptions of customer expectations 2-19 Key Factors Leading to Provider Gap 2 2-20 Provider Gap 3 CUSTOMERCOMPANY Service delivery Customer-driven service designs and standards Gap 3 The Service Performance Gap 2-21 Key Factors Leading to Provider Gap 3 2-22 Provider Gap 4 CUSTOMER COMPANY Gap 4 The Communication Gap External Service delivery communications to customers 2-23 Key Factors Leading to Provider Gap 4 2-24 Gaps Model of Service Quality 2-25 Gaps Model of Service Quality Think about a service that you receive regularly and put yourself in the wish mode. How would you change the service and the way it is provided? 2-26 Gaps Model of Service Quality Think about a service that you receive regularly and put yourself in the wish mode.How would you change the service and the way it is provided? I wish my oil change service could be done at m y main office, or where I work, so that I would not postulate to drive to a specific location and wait in line. I wish my dry cleaning service would pick up clothes from my home and deliver them to my home. I wish my bank would allow me to make additional mortgage payments (or, student loan payments) online rather than having to physically go into the bank and consummate a teller-assisted transaction. I wish my gas station would check under the hood of my car like they used to do many years ago. -27 Gaps Model of Service Quality If you were the manager of a service organization and wanted to apply the gaps model to improve service, which gap would you locomote with? Why? In what value would you proceed to close the gaps? 2-28 Gaps Model of Service Quality If you were the manager of a service organization and wanted to apply the gaps model to improve service, which gap would you start with? Why? In what order would you proceed to close the gaps? The most efficient way to u se the gaps model is to begin with provider gap 1, determining what customer expectations are.This allows the company to concentrate on the factors that will have the greatest impact on improving service quality. Following the gap 1 with gap 2, then(prenominal) gap 3 is the best progression. Gap 2 ideally would result in service design and service standards that are based on gap 1s findings about customer expectations. Then gap 3, the most complicated gap to close, would be informed by what is found in the commencement ceremony two gaps. 2-29 Gaps Model of Service Quality Can provider gap 4, the communication gap, be closed prior to closing any of the other tercet provider gaps? How? 2-30 Gaps Model of Service QualityCan provider gap 4, the communication gap, be closed prior to closing any of the other three provider gaps? How? Gap 4, which deals with lowering customer expectations, tail end be closed at any time. While the first three gaps are concerned with raising company p erformance to meet expectations, gap 4 aims to lower customer expectations to meet perceptions. The two approaches to closing the customer gap operate on different principles and therefore can occur independently. Incidentally, closing gap 4 can be more economical than closing the other gaps. 2-31 Gaps Model of Service Quality Which of the four provider gaps do you believe is hardest to close? Why? 2-32 Gaps Model of Service Quality Which of the four provider gaps do you believe is hardest to close? Why? Gap 3 is the hardest to close because it requires coordination of all of the human resources issues in a companytraining, incentives, communication, hiring, teamwork, and empowerment. Changing any one of these is difficult but changing them all, and getting them coordinated with each other, is extremely challenging. In addition to the employee factors that must be considered in closing gap 3, the customer must be managed. -33 DETERMINANTS OF PERCEIVED SERVICE QUALITY ways to Use G ap Analysis ? Overall Strategic Assessment ? How are we doing overall in meeting or exceeding customer expectations? ? How are we doing overall in closing the four company gaps? ? Which gaps represent our strengths and where are our weaknesses? 2-35 Ways to Use Gap Analysis ? Specific Service Implementation ? Who is the customer? What is the service? ? Are we consistently meeting/exceeding customer expectations with this service? ? If not, where are the gaps and what changes are needed? (Examine gaps 1-4 for this particular service. ) 2-36

Acca F1 Chapter 4

Chapter 4 lead, counsel and supervision Chapter learning objectives Upon completion of this chapter you get out be able to * define the confines drawship * define the margin charge * define the term supervision * let off the difference amidst a draw and a theater director distinguish between the role of the tutor and the role of a executive program * explain the classical arise to direction using theories ofFayol and Taylor * explain the main duties of a manager gibe toFayol * outline the relevance of classical show up to modern data practices * explain the nature of the human relations school aMayo * describe the modern school of anxiety with reference to the theories ofMintzbergandDrucker * describe the three managerial roles as per turn tail ofH Mintzberg * explain what is meant by authority * explain what is meant by the term province key the main sources of authority * explain the relationship between authority and responsibility * explain the spotlightal a pproach to leadership usingAdairstheory * explain the contingency approach usingFiedlersleadership theory * explain the differences between transactional and transformational leadership referring to theBennistheory * describe the phases of the change process referring toKottertheory * explain theHeifetzleadership theory * explain the five scores on theBlakeandMoutonmanagerial grid * outline the usefulness of the Blake and Mouton grid describe the four leadership styles as perAshridge.1 foundation 1. 1 Leadership Abasic commentary of a leader is someone whoexercisesinfluence overother people. This squeeze out be expanded into a more complex definitionLeadership is an inter mortalal influence directed toward theachievement of a goal or goals. * Interpersonal a between people. * Influence a the actor to affect others. * Goal a something that we need/want to achieve. Leadership is a conscious activity and is concerned with go bytinggoals and inspiring people to provide commitment to achieve the brand-ups goals. . 2 Managers Allmanagers have in common theoverallaim of getting things done,delegating to other people rather than doing everything themselves. Management stub be delineate as the effective use and co-ordinationof resources much(prenominal) as capital, plant, materials and labour to achievedefined objectives with maximum efficiency. A leader enkindle be a manager, but a manager is not needfully aleader. If a manager is able to influence people to achieve the goals ofthe organisation, without using formal authority to do so, then themanager is demonstrating leadership.Illustration 1 a Differences between managers and leaders The manager administers the leader innovates. The manager relies on control the leader inspires trust. The manager has his eye on the bottom line the leader has his eye on the horizon. 1. 3 Supervision The supervisory program is part of the management team. * The supervisor is a person choken authority for planning and contr olling the work of their classify, but all they can delegate to the group is the work itself. * A supervisor, in that respectfore, is a type of manager whose main role is to ensure that specified childbeds be performed correctly and efficiently by a defined group of people. In usual, supervisors willing also be doing operations work and giving advice to others to help solve problems. If the more senior manager is absent, the supervisor will take over the role. Illustration 2 a The role of a supervisor Supervisors divide their time between supervisory duties and adetailed labor. For example a supervisor inpurchasing may also regularlycomplete some clerical work like raising purchase orders. Managers must ensure that supervisors understand organisationalobjectives and communicate the power and limits of the supervisorsauthority.Supervision is an important part of the task and process ofmanagement. The role of the supervisor requires direct contact with and responsibility for the work of others. * The supervisor is the inter cause between the management and the workforce. * attend line a resolving problems first hand where the work is done, and often having to resolve problems quickly. * They often need to have direct experience ofemploymentlegislation. * oft have responsibility for negotiation and industrial relations within the department. * Management tasks and operational work to perform. Day-to-day detailed indispensable breeding (manager a medium-term internal and external information). Test your intellectual 1 Briefly explain in general terms the responsibilities of a supervisor.2 Theories of management 2. 1 The classical school some(prenominal)Taylor and Fayolsh bed the belief that individualsmust overcome themselves to the unavoidably of the organisation. In returnthe organisation was obliged to provide job security and broad(a)remuneration. * Taylor and Fayolbelieved in one scoop verbalizeive style, the optimum way to * organise t he firm * do the individual job emphasis on the task to be done rather that the person doing it. * some of the main features of their approach were as follows * belief in one controlling central authority * specialisation of tasks * fair pay and good working conditions, decided by management * clear lines of command. Illustration 3 a Theories and management Scientific thinking on indigence in the workplace included a belief that recompense for effort was a key consideration. Test your pinch 2 Which of the following statements best(p) describes the classical approach to management? ANo one best approach.BCommunication should be encouraged. COne best approach. DAn employee is considered an input to the organisational system. Fayolargued that management may be split into five broadsareas forecasting and planning, organisation, command, co-ordinationand control. Expandable school text Fayols rules of managerial conduct Fayol utilize 14 rules of managerial conduct. These are * Divis ion of worka to amend practice and familiarity and become specialised. * Authoritya the business to give orders, linked with responsibility. * Disciplinea respect in accordance with the agreement between the firm and its employees. Unity of commanda each subordinate answerable to yet one superior. * Unity of directiona only a single head and plan for a restore of activities. * Subordination to the general interesta the general good prevails over individual or sectional interests.* Remunerationa should be fair to both the recipient and the firm. * centralizationa inevitable in organisations, but the degree should be allot. * Scalar chaina graduated lines of authority should exist from the top to the bottom of the organisation. * formata workers and materials should be in their prescribed place. * Equitya combining clemency with justice. Tenure of personnela adequate time for settling into jobs should be allowed. * Initiativea should be encouraged within the boundaries of autho rity and discipline. * Esprit de corpsa harmony and teamwork should be encouraged in the organisation. Fayolbelieved that a manager obtained the best performancefrom his workforce by leadership qualities, by his knowledge of thebusiness and his workers, and by his ability to instil a sense ofmission. Test your understanding 3 Which of the following are elements of management as identified byFayol. AControl. BMotivation. CCommunication. DCompromise.The implications ofTaylorsscientific management are as follows * Workers should be set towering targets, but should be well payed for achieving them. * works methods should be analysed scientifically, including the timing of work. * Management should plan and control all the workers efforts, leaving little discretion for individual control over working methods. While there may be areas where these principles are still relevant,most modern theorists would argue that a more progressive approach isneeded where * It is recognised that there is not always a best way of doing a particular job. Employees can often have considerable insight into a job and can make important suggestions for improvements. * M all workers can be motivated by other methods than tight control and financial reward. These issues are discussed in more details later in this chapter. Illustration 4 a Theories of management The classical approach is still being utilised today since this isthe principle applied in most call centres targets are set for thenumber of calls to be taken in a predetermined time period and reward isbased on the achievement of the target. Test your understanding 4Which one of the following statements is imminent to the beliefs of the classical school? AEmphasis on social groups. BEmphasis on the task to be done rather than the person doing it. CEmphasis on the person rather than the task. DEmphasis on supporting people to range of mountains their full potential. 2. 2 The human relations school Research carried out byMayoat the General ElectricCompany in clams concluded that group relationships andmanagement-worker communication were far more important in determiningemployee behaviour than were physical conditions (e. . lighting andnoise) and the working practices compeld by management. Also, wagelevels were not the preponderant motivating factor for most workers. Further research established the following propositions of the human relations school.* Employee behaviour considers primarily on the social and organisational circumstances of work. * Leadership style, group cohesion and job satisfaction are major determinants of the outputs of the working group. * Employees work better if they are given a wide range of tasks to complete. Standards set internally by a working group influence employee attitudes and perspectives more than standards set by management. The usefulness of the human relations approach The school explicitly recognised the role of interpersonalrelations in determining workplace behaviour, and it demonstrated thatfactors other than pay can motivate workers. However, the approachpossibly overestimates the commitment, need and desire toparticipate in decision qualification of many employees. Test your understanding 5 Which one of the following statements is closest to the beliefs of the human relations school?AEmphasis on social groups. BEmphasis on the task to be done rather than the person doing it. CEmphasis on one best approach. DEmphasis on hierarchy of management. 2. 3 Modern writers Contributions made by modern writers on management include * Contingency approach (no one best approach)a contingency theorists do not ignore the lessons learnt from earlier theorists, but adapt them to fit particular circumstances. * Behaviouralisma concerned with the personal adjustment of the individual within the work organisation and the effects of group relationships and leadership styles. Systems theorya expresses a mangers role as being a co-ordinator of the elem ents of a system, of which people are only one part. Expandable text systems theory Systems theory takes the view that an organisation is a socialsystem, consisting of individuals who co-operate together within aformal framework, drawing resources from their environment and puttingback into that environment the harvests they produce or the servicesthey offer * in doing so the input is converted into the final product or service, hopefully with value being adjoined * an organisation does not exist in a vacuum.It depends on its environment and is part of larger systems, such as society, the economic system and the industry to which it belongs. Examples of the other systems include an information system, exertion system and a communication system. Druckeridentified five basic operations in the work of a manager. Managers Expandable text * Set objectivesa determining what they should be and what the goals in each area should be. They decide what has to be done to reach these object ives and make them effective by communicating them to the people who are going to perform them. Organisea analysing the activities, decisions and relations needed. They classify the work, divide it into manageable activities and advertize divide the activities into manageable jobs. They group the units and jobs, and select people for the management of the units and for the jobs to be done. * Motivate and communicatea making a team out of the people that are responsible for various jobs. * Establish yardsticksa by making measurements available, which are focused on the performance of the whole organisation and which, at the selfsame(prenominal) time, focus on the work of the individual and help them to do it.Managers analyse, appraise and interpret performance. * Develop people, including themselves. Mintzbergidentified ten skills which managers need if theyare to develop greater effectiveness, and sort them together underthree categories, interpersonal, informational and decision al. Test your understanding 6 Is the following statement in line withMintzbergsapproach? The manager in the informational role combines being a congressman and disseminator with being a monitor of information. 3 Managerial authority and responsibilityAuthority refers to the relationship between the participants in an organisation. * Authority is the right to give orders and the power to adopt obedience(Fayol). * Authority is the right to do something, or ask someone else to do it and expect it to be done. * Authority is thus other word for decriminalise power. Illustration 5 a Managerial authority and responsibility When analysing the types of authority which a manager or department may have the following terms are often used * Line authoritya the authority a manger has over a subordinate, down the vertical chain (or line) of command. module authoritya is the authority one manager or department may have in giving specialist advice to another manager or department, over which t here is no line authority. (HR department advising the accounts manager on interviewing techniques. )* Functional authoritya is a hybrid of line and staff authority, whereby a manager setting policies and procedures for the company as a whole has the authority in certain circumstances, to direct, design or control activities or procedures of another department. (A pay manager has authority to require timely budgetary control reports from other departmental/line managers. Test your understanding 7 If a manager justifies an precept to a subordinate by sayingbecause I am your superior the manager is relying on which of thefollowing bases of authority? AFunctional BStaff CLine Responsibility is the liability of a person to be called to account for his or her actions. * Responsibility expresses the duty a person has to fulfil a task, which he or she has been given. A person is said to be responsible for a install of work when he or she is required to ensure that the work is done. * R esponsibility is the obligation to use delegated powers. The important point is that managers and supervisors are ultimately responsible for the actions of their subordinates the term accountable is often used. * It is accountability for the performance of specified duties or the satisfactory achievement of defined company objectives. * Because responsibility is an obligation owed, it cannot be delegated. * No superior can escape responsibility for the activities of subordinates, for it is the supervisor who delegates authority and assigns the duties. Test your understanding 8 Which of the following statements could be a definition of responsibility?ALiability to be called to account. BAccountability for actions. CAn obligation owed. John French and Bertram Ravenidentified five sources or bases of power. * Rewardpower a is based on one person having the ability to reward another person for carrying out orders or meeting other requirements. * Coercivepower a is based on one persons a bility to punish another for not meeting requirements, is the negative side of reward power. * Expertpower a is based on the perception or belief that a person has some relevant expertise or special knowledge that others do not. Referentpower a is based on one persons desire to give away with or imitate another. * Legitimatepower a the power derived from being in a position of authority within the organisational structure a according to the position they hold within the organisation. Illustration 6 a Managerial authority and responsibility If a manager justifies an instruction to a subordinate by sayingbecause I am a qualified accountant the manager is relying on which ofthe following bases of power? AReferent BReward CLegitimate DExpert Solution D Test your understanding 9If a manager justifies an instruction to a subordinate by sayingbecause I am your superior the manager is relying on which of thefollowing bases of authority? AReferent BReward CLegitimate DExpert In every positi on authority and responsibility should correspond (principle of correspondence) * Having responsibility without authoritya supervisor may be held responsible for time keeping but does not have the authority to discipline subordinate for sad time-keeping. The supervisor is powerless to achieve the levels upon which his or her performance is being judged.This supervisor is likely to become frustrated, stressed and demotivated. Performance is likely to suffer. Conflict will fall out if the supervisor fails the task due to lack of co-operation caused by lack of authority. * Having authority without responsibilitya personnel department employ an individual but will have no responsibility for the employee they are in a position of false security. Managers not held accountable for their authority may exercise their authority in an irresponsible way, which may not be to the benefit of the organisation.They may take unacceptable risks, because the consequences of decisions will not rebound on them. The control mechanisms of the organisation depend on accountability. Test your understanding 10 John has just joined a small accounts department. The financialcontroller is taken ill. John has been told that he needs to prepare themanagement accounts and requires information regarding salaries. Thepayroll department are not happy about giving John the informationrequired. What is the underlying cause of the problem? 4 Theories of leadership approaches 4. 1 The action-centred approach (Adair) Adairsuggests that any leader has to strive to achieve three major goals while at the same time maintaining a position as an effective leader. * Adairs action-centred leadership object lesson looks at leadership in relation to the needs of the task, individual and group. Test your understanding 11 The table below includes needs that managers have to action. Suggest whether they are likely to be associated with individual, taskor group needs. 4. 2 The contingency approach (Fiedler) Con tingency theory sees effective leadership as being dependenton a number of changeable or contingent factors.There is no one right wayto lead that will fit all situations rather it is necessary to lead ina manner that is appropriate to a particular situation. Fiedlers contingency theory * Fiedlerstudied the relationship between style of leadership and effectiveness of the work group. Two styles of leader were identified. psychologically distant managers (PDMs). * keep up distance from their subordinates by formalising roles and relationships within the team. * Are withdrawn and reserved in their interpersonal relationships. * Prefer formal communication and consultation methods rather than seek cosy opinion. Judge subordinates on the basis of performance and are primarily task-orientated. * Fiedler found that leaders of the most effective work groups actually tend to be PDMs. Psychologically close managers (PCMs) * Do not seek to formalise roles and relationships. * Prefer informa l contacts to regular formal staff meetings. * They are more concerned to maintain good human relationships at work to ensure that tasks are carried out efficiently. * Fiedlerconcluded that a structured (or psychologically distant) style works best when the situation is every very favourable or very unfavourable to the leader. On the other hand, a supportive (or psychologically close) style works best when the situation is middling favourable to the leader. * He further suggested that group performance would be contingent upon the appropriate matching of leadership styles and the degree of favourableness of the group situation for the leader. Fiedlerwent on to develop his contingency theory in Atheory of leadership effectiveness, in which he argued that theeffectiveness of the workgroup depended on the situation. The leadershipsituation is made up of three key variables * The relationship between the leader and the group (trust, respect and so on). The extent to which the task is d efined and structured. * The power of the leader in relation to the group. Illustration 7 a Theories of leadership approaches Fiedlersuggested that a situation is favourable to theleader when the leader is liked and trusted by the group, the tasks ofthe group are clearly defined and the power of the leader to reward andpunish the team, with organisational backing, is high. Test your understanding 12 The accounts manager holds a departmental meeting every Monday at 10. 00 am. How wouldFiedlerdefine this manager? 4. 3 Transformational leadership (Bennis)Some of the values used to distinguish between managers and leaders have also been identified as * Transactional leaders a see the relationship with their followers in terms of a trade they give followers the rewards they want in exchange for service, loyalty and compliance. * Transformational leaders a see their role as inspiring and motivating others to work at levels beyond mere compliance. Only transformational leadership is said t o be able to change team/organisational burnishs and create a natural direction. Expandable text Bennisis an influential American author on leadership andchange.He focuses on the need to inspire change rather than imposingit. He identifies five avenues of change * Dissent and conflict a top management impose change by means of their position of power, the result being rancour amongst those affected. * Trust and truth a management must gain trust, express their vision clearly, and persuade others to follow. * Cliques and cabals a cliques have power, money and resources cabals have ambition, drive and energy. Unless the cliques can co-opt the cabals, revolution is inevitable. * External events a forces of society can impose change, e. . by new government regulation or through overseas competition. * Culture or paradigm shift a changing the corporate culture is the most important avenues of change. Test your understanding 13 When organisational change requires a change in structure a nd/orculture would the organisation require a transformational ortransactional leader? 4. 4 Managing change (Kotter) Kotterset out the following change approaches to deal with resistance Test your understanding 14 Training in the use of a new information system is a means of overcoming resistance to change by AFacilitation and support.BEducation and communication. CParticipation and involvement. DNegotiation and agreement. 4. 5 Leadership to mobilise (Heifetz) Heifetzargues that the role of the leader is to help people face reality and to mobilise them to make change. Heifetzsuggests that the old approach to leadership was that leaders had theanswers, the vision and then needed to persuade people to sign up forthe change. Heifetz believes that leaders provide direction but do nothave to offer definite answers and should mobilise people to tackle thetough challenges for themselves. Leaders have two choices when resolving a situation Technical change a the application of current knowl edge, skills and or tools to resolve a situation. * Adaptive change a is required when the problem cannot be work out with existing skills and knowledge and requires people to make a shift in their values, expectations, attitudes or habits of behaviour. This is often required to ensure organisational survival. Expandable text Heifetzsuggests four principles for convey about adaptive change * Recognition that the change requires an adaptive approach and understanding the values that need to be shifted and the issues that need to be resolved to make the shift possible. Adaptive change causes unhappiness in the people being led adaptive change requires the right level of stress to be applied too little stress and people do not appreciate the need for change too much stress and there will be no buy-in. * Keep focused on the real issue of realising the change do not spend too much time on stress-reducing distractions. * go steady the people who need to make the change take responsibil ity and face the reality of doing the work of change for themselves. Leaders provide the direction, posing well-structured questions, rather than offering definite answers. Leadership styles 5. 1 Blake and Mouton Robert Blake and Jane Moutoncarried out research intomanagerial behaviour and observed two basic dimensions of leadershipconcern for production (or task performance) and concern for people. Based on the results of staff questionnaires, managers can then be plotted onBlake and Moutons grid. 1. 1 Management impoverisheda this manager only makesminimum effort in either area and will make the smallest possible effortrequired to get the job done. 1. Country Club managementa this manager is thoughtfuland attentive to the needs of the people, which leads to a comfortablefriendly organisation atmosphere but very little work is actuallyachieved. 9. 1 Task managementa this manager is only concerned with production and arranges work in such a way that people interference is minimised . 5. 5 Middle of the road managementa this manager is able to balance the task in hand and motivate the people to achieve these tasks. 9. 9 Team managementa this manager integrates the two areas to foster working together and high production to produce true team leadership.Blake and Moutonsgrid can be used to assess the currentbehavioural style of a manager and then plan appropriate training anddevelopment to enable them to move towards 9. 9. Test your understanding 15 Using the scores shown on the above grid, make suggestions as tohow this particular manager could improve his/her managerial style. 5. 2 Ashridge The research unit atAshridge ManagementCollege distinguished four different management styles. Tells (autocratic)a the manager makes all the decisions and issues instructions which must be obeyed without question. Strengths * Quick decisions can be made when required. The most efficient type of leadership for highly-programmed work. Weaknesses * Communications are one-way, n eglecting feedback and potential for upwards communication or team member input. * Does not encourage initiative or commitment from subordinates, merely compliance. Sells (persuasive)a the manager still makes all thedecisions, but believes that team members must be motivated to acceptthem in order to carry them out properly. Strengths * Team members understand the reason for decisions. * Team members may be more committed. * Team members may be able to function slightly better in the absence of instruction.Weaknesses * Communications are still largely one-way. * Team members are not necessarily motivated to accept the decision. * It still doesnt encourage initiative or commitment. Consults (participative)a the manager confers with the team and takes their views into account, although still retains the final say. Strengths * Involves team members in decisions, encouraging motivation through greater interest and involvement. * Consensus may be reached, enhancing the acceptability of the decision to team members. * The quality of the decision may benefit from the input of those who do the work. * Encourages upward communication.Weaknesses * May take longer to reach decisions (especially if consensus is sought). * Team member input may not enhance the quality of the decision. * Consultation can be a faAade for a basic sells style. Joins (democratic)a the leader and the team members make the decision together on the basis of consensus. Strengths * Can provide high motivation and commitment from team members. * Empowers a team member to take the initiative (e g. in responding flexibly to customer demands and problems). * Shares other advantages of the consults style (especially where team members can add value). Weaknesses May undermine the authority of the manager. * May further lengthen the decision-making process. * May reduce the quality of the decision because of the politics of decision making. Test your understanding 16 For each of the statements made by man agers listed below, choose an Ashridge leadership style that best describes the statement. Chapter summary Test your understanding answers Test your understanding 1 * Planning the work of the department. * Ensuring by adequate supervision that the work is completed as far as possible according to plan. * Maintaining discipline in the department. * Undertaking the task when required. Having knowledge and ability in all aspects of health, safety and employment legislation that applies to his or her subordinates. Test your understanding 2 C Test your understanding 3 A only Test your understanding 4 B Test your understanding 5 A Test your understanding 6 Yes Test your understanding 7 C Test your understanding 8 A, B and C Test your understanding 9 C Test your understanding 10 John has been given the responsibility for completing a task but without the authority. Test your understanding 11 Test your understanding 12 Psychologically distant manager. Test your understanding 13Transformatio nal. Test your understanding 14 A Test your understanding 15 The manager illustrated in the above grid is showing good concernfor production (although this can be strengthened further) but is weakin terms of concern for employees. Further investigation would then becarried out to determine why this is the case and in what ways such alack of concern is exhibited. Then rectifying action can be taken. For example * Attend a training course on people skills and motivation. * Involve staff in more decisions. * Treat staff as valuable assets adopt an open door policy. Test your understanding 16

Nomination: HIV Education and Prevention

Each year there are several cases of AIDS/HIV cases are reported. This may simply shows that great deal are still ignorance about the malady and its consequences once a person is inflicted. Other instance of the continued dispersion of the disease is the unawareness of people regarding its prevention. According to some surveys conducted, significant numbers of people are dangerously ignorant about the virus, unawareness about the HIV amongst groups. whiz way of eliminating the sense of unawareness among people is through education. Significantly, one must always reminder that prevention is better than cure (Avert, 2007).What actions did the candidate take in addressing HIV/AIDS needs in the community?The candidate doesnt ignore the alarming disease. She/he conducted a house-to-house visit in the X County to provide them education about the disease. In feature, the place was considered to be remote area and really needs to be provided with such actions. He/she gave information to the people about the disease HIV transmission and prevention.Besides, he/she in like manner taught them about the practical prevention of the disease. She/he taught them on how to get and use condom, how to suggest and hold safe sex, how to prevent from the infection in a medical environment or injection of drugs. Moreover, she/he also shared the risks involved in an grievous sex.Besides, she/he also gave leaflet about AIDS and made an advertising campaign regarding the dangerous putting slogan. This is an example on non-targeted education. Meaning, for those who were not able to light upon the program could be educated, at the same time, through this method. She/he knew that education regarding the disease must be disseminated through the entire community. However, considering some of the limitations, she/he couldnt do the information dissemination between him/her and an individual throughout the entire community.However, before he conducted the program, he/she first know th e attitudes or characteristics of the people and the communitys culture. She/he considered the following points before visitation age of the people to be educated, receptive degree of the groups, cultural issues, individual education or awareness, education attained by the people about HIV, literacy, others. From this, she/he could really identify which groups needed an intensive education and prevention program (Avert, 2007).She/he also taught them on the negative impacts of the contrariety towards people having the disease.2. What achievements resulted from the candidates efforts?Because of his intensive information giving out about the disease and the effective method implemented, none of her clients has gotten infected with HIV considering the fact that they are a very high risk group. This simply means that the program really works. The people really understand about the disease, its risks and prevention. Also, the community is also very cooperative among its citizens. They al so educate others who are ignorant about the disease. The education was not only distributed to the current residents but also it was distributed and disseminated to the next multiplication (Avert, 2007).3. What else would you like the selection committee to know about this individuals contribution to the HIV/AIDS effort in X County?I wanted to know on how she/he approached each individual. I also wanted to know what problems they encountered at the X County during the educational program and how do she/he intractable it.ReferenceAvert. (2007). HIV / AIDS Education . Retrieved November 17 , 2007, from Why HIV/AIDSeducation? http//www.avert.org/aidseducation.htm

Azt Pricing Decision Essay

In 1986, Burroughs-Wellcome Company introduced the first major breakthrough against acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). It was the life-prolonging drug zidovudine. The product has turned out to be very successful for the company and, largely because of AZTs success,Burroughs-Wellcomes profits have doubled in the three years ending in 1988. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) plans to expand the authorization for the drugs usage to those who are infected with the AIDS virus, but not yet demonstrate signs of serious illness. The estimate of the size of this market is hundreds of thousands rather than the tens of thousand who are currently sick with AIDS (1988).The controversy over the drug centers on its price. AZT costs about $8,600 for a years supply for each patient (lowered from $10,000 in 1987). Critics in the gay, medical, and legal communities contend that Burroughs-Wellcome executives are corporate extortionists. whatsoever believe that the company has already made too much money at the expense of the sick. The price is so far out of reach of poor and moderate-income people that the federal government had to step in with subsidies of millions of dollars.Burroughs-Wellcome defends it pricing practices by stating that its profit margins (in the 50-70 percent range) are in line with those companies introducing new drugs. They contend these mettlesome returns are necessary to finance research and recoup the millions of dollars invested in developing the drug. They initially gave the drug free-of-charge to as many as 5,000 AIDS patients and spent $80 million on a new plant.Additional criticism revolves around the actual development of the drug. The Wall Street Journal stated, But Wellcomes lesson position is undercut by its relatively minor role in the creation of AZT. Researchers at the Michigan crabby person Foundation, from West Germany, and at the National Cancer Institute are credited with the major discoveries that led to AZT.Nevertheles s, Wellcome performed toxicology, pharmacology, and animal studies before AZT was given to the first human volunteer. It likewise financed the big clinical visitation and bankrolled the give-away to the patients in the initial experiment.Wellcome is under pressure to cut its price. The government is attempting to institute a reasonable price clause where an unduly high price could pioneer a government order for a company to open its books. Any company found in violation could be sued for breach of contract. Congress is also studying AZT and one Congressman wrote the company contending that the original price rationale (achieving a decent return on investment during a in brief product life) no longer exists as the drug has been on the market for three years and the market is growing for the product.

Mothers Against Driving

This sample is about a across the nation known lobbying concourse known as MADD or Mothers Against Driving. This is an ecesis that was first created by a cleaning woman named Candy Lightner whom in 1980 tragically lost her young lady to a repeat offense drunk driver. This brass or lobbying group works very hard and whose goal is to keep drivers off the road who take had too much to drink and to as well organise sure that drunk hotheaded laws are enforced.The dissertation statement is Mothers Against Drunk Driving has arguably been one of the close to successful public-health grassroots citizen dvocacy organizations in the coupled States in the past century. (Fell and Voas). This whole idea of MADD started years ago when Candy Lightners daughter Carl, was walking with her relay transmitter and was struck and killed by a man who left the scene of the accident, and was drunk driving. After she was told that he real was only out of Jail for two days after being arrested fo r a nonher hit- and- run drunk- driving crash.His record had reflected three other arrests-two resulted in convictions and one was reduced to a reckless driving offense. It was in short after this that Candy Lightner and a few friends started MADD to fight against drunk drivers. The first chapter that was started in Maryland was by another woman named Cindi Lamb who was trying to fight the fact that her five month old daughter became paralyzed by a repeat drunk driver offender as well. The two women were brought unneurotic by a press secretary to congress and had a news conference that brought a dope of attention to this impair-driving problem that is everywhere.Soon all over the nation Candy Lightner was contacted to comment on high write cases. This lobbying roup was incorporated in 1980 as a California corporation. By June of 1981 it had achieved IRS tax-free status later in the year, it received$100,OOO in private funds. Articles on the organization appeared in many magazi nes and newspapers out on that point much(prenominal) as Los Angeles Times, Family Circle. Candy was the guest on many talk shows such as The Today Show, Phil Donahue and others. With the great(p) increase in media attention to the impaired-driving problem and the surge in alcohol legislation in the 1980s, there was a heartening reduction in alcohol- related fatal crashes surrounded by 980 an 1995. (NHTSA, 1995). MADD had developed a pixilated capability to respond to the growing press and interest in this ever growing problem. This part of the essay contains the claim and some of the background. There is a lot of evidence both qualitative and quantitative in MADDs effect on the impaired-driving problem we have in our America. There is general acceptance of the relationship between laws, their enforcement, and public education on driver perceptions of the risk of being caught for DUI (driving under the influence) which affect public attitudes toward impaired driving. (Gladwell, 2001). MADD founder Candy has been invited to speak at the formal signing of each of the legislative bills. Six of the most important pieces of alcohol safety legislation are MLDA 21 laws, zero tolerance for youth laws,. 08BAC curb laws,ALS laws, illegal per se laws and increased adoption of the legislative laws.This is part of the three tiered approach to the goal of drinking and driving. At the community train, MADD has chapters that help support police enforcement activities when it comes to strong DUI enforcement and rewarding police officers who make the most DUI arrests. Before MADD offenders were given light sentences but now there is a lot of administration monitoring by MADD to assure offenders gets there Just do. This part of the essay contains some of the background and body, on with backing evidence and data and scholarly research.An opposing view to MADD comes from the American Beverage Licenses or (ABL). This organization represents beer, wine and spirits retail ers in the U. S. They have made many anti-MADD statements as well as criticizing commonplace Motors. One of the claims that the ABL has made is that MADD targets social drinkersABL claims hat MADD would have you arrested if you had a glass of wine with dinner party and because driven safely home or if you had a cocktail with your friends after work before heading home.They also claim that MADD wants to criminalize the 40 million adults that responsibly enjoy a glass of wine with dinner or a beer at a ball game and drive safely home. (Hingson and Winter, 2003) This is simply not a true statement. MADD is just in support to the lowering of blood alcohol levels to 0. 08 and that is not reached by a glass of wine or from one beer. This level is reached by an average male sizing ho consumes 4 drinks in 1 hour or by an average sized young-bearing(prenominal) consuming 3 drinks. Social drinking does not attain to a blood alcohol level of 0. 8. General Motors is viewed as being a support for MADD but ABL claims that General Motors should be held accountable for supporting MADD. This could be viewed as a rebuttal to the opposing view of ABL. In Conclusion there is a lot of evidence that MADD has helped so many victims of drunk driving and they give so much of their meter providing not only emotional support but also victim assistance programs and court accompaniments and that is hy this lobbying group is so very important to a lot of people and in helping so many.

Hamlet’s Madness

I am solely mad north-northwest when the jazz is southerly I know a hawk from a handsaw (Foakes 213). This is a classic congressman of the wild and whirling articulates (I.v.134) with which village hopes to persuade people to believe that he is mad. These words, however, prove that below his fantastical tendency, crossroads is very in his right mind(predicate) indeed. Beneath his strange choice of imagery involving points of the compass, the weather, and hunting birds, he is announcing that he is calculatedly choosing the times when to appear mad. village is saying that he knows a hunting hawk from a hunted handsaw or heron, in new(prenominal) words, that, very far form being mad, he is perfectly capable of recognizing his enemies. small towns madness was feigned for a purpose. He warned his friends he intended to fake madness, save Gertrude as well as Claudius saw done it, and even the slightly dull-witted Polonius was suspicious. His public face is one of insanity sca rce, in his private moments of soliloquy, through his confidences to Horatio, and in his c atomic number 18ful plans of action, we see that his madness is assumed.After the Ghosts initiatory appearance to Hamlet, Hamlet decides that when he finds it suitable or advantageous to him, he will put on a mask of madness. He confides to Horatio that when he finds the occasion appropriate, he will put an antic disposition on (I.v.173). This strategy gives Hamlet a chance to find proof of Claudiuss guilt and to contemplate his penalise tactic (Burton 2). Although he has sworn to avenge his fathers murder, he is not sure of the Ghosts origins The spirit that I imbibe seen May be the devil (II.ii.596-7).He uses his app bent madness as a delaying tactic to procure time in which to discover whether the Ghosts tale of murder is true and to decide how to handle the situation. At the kindred time, he wants to appear unthreatening and harmless so that people will divulge information to him, of ten in the same way that an adult will talk about an important secret in the presence of a young child (Boyce 232). To convince everyone of his madness, Hamlet spends many hours walking back and aside alone in the lobby, speaking those wild and whirling words which make little sense on the surface but in circumstance carry a meaningful subtext. Although he appears to have wooly-minded touch with reality, he keeps reminding us that he is not at all(a) in all far deceased, far gone (II.ii.187) as Polonius claims, but is in fact very much in command of himself and the situation.With his ranting and raving and his seemingly useless pacing of the lobby, Hamlet manages to appear quite mad. The naive and trusting Ophelia believes in and is deva evidenced by what she sees as his downfallO, what a noble mind is here oerthrown. . . The expectancy and rose of the fair state. . . quite, quite down (III.i.152,4,6).Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are also fully convince. They are Hamlets equals in age but are far inferior in intellect and therefore dont understand that he is faking. However, although Hamlet manages to convince these unsubdivided friends and Ophelia of his insanity, other characters in the play such as Claudius, Gertrude and even Polonius eventually see through his behavior.Claudius is forever on his guard because of his guilty conscience and he therefore recognizes that Hamlet is faking. The king is suspicious of Hamlet from the very beginning. He denies Hamlet permission to return to university so that he can keep an warmheartedness on him close by. When Hamlet starts acting strangely, Claudius gets all the more suspicious and sends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to spy on him. Their instruction manual are to discover why Hamlet is pretending to be madAnd can you, by no drift of circumstance,Get from him why he puts on this confusionGrating so harshly all his days of quietWith turbulent and dangerous monomania (III. i.1-4).The reason Claudius is so r eluctant to believe that Ophelias rejection has caused Hamlets lunacy is that he doesnt believe in his madness at all (Kirsch 2 507). When Claudius realizes through the play-within-the-play that Hamlet knows the truth about his fathers death, he immediately sends him away to England. The prevailing piece of evidence demonstrating Claudiuss knowledge of Hamlets sanity is the fact that he feels threatened enough by Hamlet to order him killed by the king of EnglandFor like the agitated in my blood he ragesAnd thou must cure me till I know tis through with(p)Howeer my haps, my joys were neer begun (IV.iii.67-9).In the scene in his mothers bedroom, Hamlet tells Gertrude that his insanity is assumedI have utterd deal me to the mental testAnd I the matter will reword, which madnessEven without this confirmation, the Queen has seen through his act (Burton 2). plot of land Hamlet is reprimanding her, she is so upset that she describes his words as daggers (III.iv.98) and claims, Thou hast cleft my heart in twain (III.iv.158). The words of a daredevil could not have penetrated her soul to such an extent. The queen takes every word Hamlet says seriously, proving she respects him and believes his mind to be sound. Furthermore, she believes Hamlets confession of sanity immediately. She does not question him at all but instead promises to keep it her secret. I have no life to breathe What though hast state to me (III.iv.200-1).Even Polonius can see that Hamlet has not completely lost touch with the world. Although he oftentimes misses the meanings of Hamlets remarks and insults, he does recognize that they make some sense. When asked if he recognizes Polonius, Hamlet promptly replies, Excellent well you are a fishmonger (II.ii.172). Although the response seems crazy since a fish-seller would look completely unlike the expensively dressed lord Polonius, Hamlet is actually criticizing Polonius for his management of Ophelia, since fishmonger is Elizabethan slang for pimp (Boyce 237).He plays mind-games with Polonius, getting him in crazy talk to agree first that a cloud looks like a camel, consequently a weasel and finally a whale, and in a very sane aside, he then comments that they assume me to the top of my bent (III.ii.375). After the confusing conversation with Hamlet he remarks, Though this be madness, except there is method int (II.ii.205). When his theory of rejected love proves wrong, he becomes very suspicious of Hamlets behavior and offers to test it by hiding behind the arras in Gertrudes bedroom so that he can get wind in on Hamlets private conversation with his mother. Polonius suspicions about the legitimacy of Hamlets madness lead to his death when Hamlet stabs the arras in the mistaken belief that the eavesdropper is Claudius.Hamlets soliloquies, his confidences to Horatio, and his elaborate plans are by far the most convert proof of his sanity. Throughout the play, Hamlets soliloquies reveal his inner thoughts, which ar e completely coherent (Kirsch 511). In one such speech, Hamlet criticizes himself for not having yet taken action to avenge his fathers murderO what a page and peasant slave am IPrompted to my revenge by heaven and hell,Must, like a whore, buy food my heart with words (II. ii. 545, 581-3).Hamlet calls himself a dull and muddy-mettled rascal (II.ii.563), a villain and a coward, but when he realizes that his anger doesnt achieve any social occasion practical other than the unpacking of his heart, he stops. These are not the thoughts of a madman his emotions are real and his thoughts are those of a rational man. Even when he contemplates suicide in the to be or not to be soliloquy, his reasons himself out of it through a very sane consideration of the dangers of an secret afterlife And thus the native hue of resolution Is sicklied oer with the pale cast of thought (III. i. 85-6).A further important proof of his sanity is how patiently he devises plans to prepare for his revenge. As he explains to Horatio, his antic disposition is a device to test his enemies. His mounting of the play-within-the-play is another well-laid plan to trap Claudius into admitting guilt The plays the thing Wherein Ill catch the conscience of the king (II.ii.602-3) and even when the play brings him concrete proof, he is careful not to haste to take his revenge at the wrong moment.He could easily kill Claudius while he is praying but restrains himself so that there is no chance of Claudiuss entering heaven. Although Hamlets patience can be seen as an prototype of his procrastination, the Foakes think that it is rather a sign of rationality. Hamlet shows himself perfectly capable of action, as well as of rational thought, in escaping the kings armed guard, dispatching Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to their deaths in England, dealing with the pirates and making it back to Denmark. In addition, the letter Horatio from him through the ambassador bound for England is clear and precise and shows no signs of a befuddled mind (Burton 1).Finally, we are convinced of Hamlets sanity by his very normal reactions to the people around him. He is perfectly sane, friendly and well-mannered with the players, giving them good acting tips, which they appreciate and respect. When Polonius and Claudius test the rejected love theory by loosing Ophelia to him, Hamlet acts completely rationally. He greets Ophelia sweetly, gets a little cold when he remembers that he has not seen her for this many a day, is very hurt when she returns his remembrances, and becomes completely furious, insulting womankind in general, when she lies to him about her fathers whereabouts and he realizes he is being spied on. He reacts the way any hurt young rejected lover would. This shows that he is very sane and rational indeedThroughout the play, Hamlets calculating mind lets him get away with all of his actions. He is the most sane person in the play and he uses his antic disposition to manipulate people, play a trick on everyone, and investigate anything he wants. He is fully aware of all of his actions and the consequences that they will have on the other characters in the play. Shakespeares genius shows through in the character of Hamlet. He was able to show Hamlet outwardly as a madman, but salve keep the audience believing that he was still very sane underneath. Hamlet puts on his antic disposition very well. He is, in fact, sane throughout the entire play (Boyce 239).

What annoys me about the British Weather

British Weather, three words unpredictable, torturous and unbearable. We wee-wee all experienced the excruciatingly painful pelting drops plummeting full speed onto our hoods or umbrellas, harbort we? Well we live in England of course. As you prepare to leave home, you arrogate one tender glance erupt of the window, and you see the blazing red hot sun shining, you can actually facial expression the warm radiation hitting your skin and the last thing on your mind is to remember to take an umbrella or a jacket with you dependable in case.As you casually walk across the street to the bus stop you have an unexpected encounter with one of your footy mad friends who just negotiation about football. After he bores you to death and then finally leaves things capture one notch worse, out of nowhere, completely unexpected you feel this cold spit on your face, few seconds later you endure a torrential torrent of rain blasting onto your body within ten seconds you are drenched in water, unfortunately this has happened to well-nigh of us. This diabolical problem needs a solution and the weather forecast is not it.The arrogant weather who miserably dictates us the weather is entirely useless and unreliable. As a BBC knockoff he talks in that Standard English tone, as you listen you understand that all the knowledge he is presenting to you is all gibberish. The next day you find out that the weather somehow turns out to be the complete opposite of what the weather forecast predicted yesterday. So there you have it, the met office should just perpetrate up on forecasting the weather because they are completely hopeless. Another point is not the emergent change of weather but the despicably messed up seasons.You never know what you are going to get with British weather it constantly is on the move, there is cold weather in the summer and its warm in the winter, this year alone the snow is overdue its been expected and hasnt arrived YET. From the croup of my heart I would like to tell all of you people who want to visit England that it is not a holiday destination, at all especially in terms of weather. What you will get is not a relaxing, sunny holiday, but mainly an endless pour of rain which blasts on to you like a cannon of water, if you want to experience true English weather then book your tickets in winter as it might be very warm.Britain never inevitably fails to disappoint or leave you feeling in utter despair, whether it is in sport in their terrible world cup campaign or in this case when you want beautiful weather for a special day and it ends up disappointing you. It is eternally important to always be prepared with a brolly or a rise up crimson if you end up looking like an utter fool in a winter coating like youre going hiking in the arctic in the hottest day of the year. Cold weather comes indwelling to the UK and from past experience I get use to this sort of climate as if it was second nature. angiotensin converting en zyme of the worst ss is when you have to a spend a depressing Monday of your holidays locked inside at home, bored and in a dull displeasing atmosphere starring obliviously out of the window at the grey, dismal sky. Where droplets of rain are rolling down the window, and you can hear the thunderous cascading rain hitting the roof. At this moment in time you are hopelessly hoping that eventually this annoying rainy weather will just stop What really ticks me off is that the winter weather causes many disruptions to the public transport system, not that it was the most efficient method of travel anyway.It also causes many businesses and schools to close early which plays mostly in prefer for school students. Roads are blocked by the snow and this irritates drivers because they are blinded by the fog, this is black for the economy apparently, because Britain is always caught unprepared even though we experience snowy and foggy conditions almost each year. In summary dont even bothe r to listen to the weather forecast as they talk complete nonsense, and make sure your prepared at least take a coat because it could start raining after all we do live in England.

Compare/Contrast of Two and a Half Men

The popular goggle box show, Two and a Half Men, has been on the air for just under a solid disco biscuit years. yet after decennium years, and a complete principal(prenominal) character change, it is still one of the more or less watched and beloved shows on television today. Most would argue, including myself, that the original version starring Charlie Sheen was much meliorate than the current version, starring Ashton Kutcher.Both argon very free reinny and have attempted to keep to the same womanizing main character, though the original pulled it off with much more success. The show was origin aloney about a pleasure-seeking doggerel writer, Charlie harper, his uptight brother, Alan, and Alans growing boy, Jake. Charlies laid back life becomes complicated when his brother gets divorced and moves in, along with Jake, to Charlies beach-front Malibu house.The Harper brothers Charlie and Alan are almost opposites simply form a great team for comedy. They have little in comm on except their dis corresponding for their dull, emotionless, and dominant mother, Evelyn. Alan, a compulsively neat chiropractor and control-freak, is thrown out by his manipulative wife Judith who nevertheless gets him to pay for everything and do most jobs in the house. Charlie is a freelance make noise composer and irresistible bachelor who lives in a luxurious beach-house and rarely gets up before noon.Charlie temporarily allows Alan and his son Jake, a food-obsessed, lazy school kid who constantly moves between his parents, to move in with them after Alans insularism/divorce. The sitcom revolves around their conflicting lifestyles, raising Jake (who has the competent, caring dad while having a ball with his fun-loving uncle who teaches him the fun way to live), and bantering with Evelyn and various other friends and family.Other fairly regular characters include Charlies cleaning lady Berta, who is the biting and sharp-tongued character who merely does nothing more than in sult almost every other character untoward enough to cross her path (while completely ignoring her actual job), and his rich, self-confessed stalker neighbor lift who a lot sneaks in to spy on Charlie and induce havoc into his already screwy life. Charlies love life is a recurring theme in his character. He is an alcoholic beverageic womanizer who has engaged in decades of frequent one-night stands, prostitutes, nonchalant sex, and relationships of short duration, in stark contrast to his rother Alans inability to bring in much female attention. Even though Charlie usually never calls any of his partners again after he had sex with them, there are a few relationships on the show that lasted longer than one night, notably his neighbor Rose, who continues to stalk him after they spent one night together, and Jakes ballet teacher Mia, whom Charlie was actually in love with, and almost conjoin in Las Vegas. He usually dated much younger women. Alan is almost the complete opposite o f Charlie. He had been divorced twice over the series, and is notably seen as socially awkward with any woman he comes into contact with.Alan is essentially a leech on Charlies life, as he was only hypothetic to stay with Charlie for a short amount of time, that was ten seasons ago. Recently, though, Alan has managed to keep one person tied dump and hold a steady, healthy relationship with. This person is Lyndsey MacElroy, who is actually a mother of one of Jakes stoner friends. At the end of season eight, Charlie leaves in pursuit of Rose, who he admits he loves, to Paris. At the set about of season nine, it is revealed that Charlie died in Paris, because he fell in front of a train (it is widely believed that Rose murdered him because he cheated on her, a lot).Enter Walden Schmidt. Now begins the more recent version of the series. Charlie Harper is dead, and Alan and Berta mustiness now move out of the fabulous beach-house and have no idea where to go. Schmidt is introduced to the series as a billionaire internet entrepreneur who has recently been divorced and is now suicidal. After unsuccessfully attempting suicide, he turns up at Charlie Harpers beach house and decides to buy it from Charlies brother, Alan, to whom Charlie has left the house in his will, after dying in France. Alan has to devote the house up for sale as he is unable to afford the mortgage payments and property tax.While Alan is mouth with Charlies ashes and trying to decide where to spread them, Walden suddenly appears on the houses back deck, scaring Alan and causing him to drop the ashes on the vivacious room floor. When Alan lets Walden in so he can use the telephone, Walden reveals he has just tried to institutionalise suicide by drowning in the ocean. He tells Alan that he is worth $1. 3 billion, but would give it all up to reconcile with his wife Bridget, from whom he had recently separated. Walden and Alan then proceed to bond at the local anaesthetic bar, where Walden tells Alan that e made his capital when Microsoft purchased his website. At the end of the episode Walden tells Alan that he is going to buy the house. This is terrific news for Alan, as he now no longer has to move, Berta can be rehired, and a permutation family has now been formed. Walden is a hopeless romantic and has had many failed relationships, ranging from divorce and breakups to rejection of marriage proposals. Waldens ex-wife describes him as having the emotional maturity date of a 12-year-old, and she, his housekeeper Berta and his girlfriend Zoey have all described him as needy.However, he drives a Fisker Karma as he cares about the environment, and does not believe in lending money, as it is never repaid and leads to resentment of the person to whom the money is lent instead he prefers to just give it away. He does not like the taste of alcohol and so does not drink much. When Walden met Alan Harper, the two almost instantly formed a friendship. Walden is very generous, which Alan uses to his advantage, such as when Alans ex-wife Judith drops off their son Jake, and Alan convinces Walden to allow Jake to stay. Despite events such as this, Alan does demonstrate genuine byplay for Walden.When Walden discovers that his imaginary childhood gorilla friend, Magilla, was real, and was part of an experiment being conducted by his mother, he becomes very upset, as he thought of Magilla as a brother. Alan climbs a roof to console him, telling him that he knows what its like to lose a brother. Walden knows that Alan is poor and has offered him money, but Alan refuses because he wants Walden to see him as a friend, rather than a freeloader. From this point on Alan and Jake have fully moved in and Walden considers them family, refusing to kick Alan out of the beach-house, though intimate that he is quite the leech.While there has been much change to the popular television show over the years, it has managed to indorse a fresh comedy to most viewers and appe ars as if it could continue airing for the next ten years also. The show is now very different, since the introduction of Ashton Kutcher replacing Charlie Sheen as the main character. only if it continues to maintain the viewers, ratings, and new ideas that make a good show great. Comparatively, the older seasons are better than the newer, but the newer are certainly getting the job done.