Marketing Plan For Procter And Gamble - 1446 Words

PROBLEM DEFINITION Scope is mint flavored mouthwash and is one of the main product brands of Procter and Gamble, Inc. Scope became the market pioneer in Canadian mouthwash market in 1976 and till 1990 it has delighted itself as the best piece of the pie in market share of mouthwashes. Plax was presented in Canada in 1998 on an alternate stage from the customary mouthwashes. Plax is the main player in the business sector portion of plaque fight. By and large, Canadian mouthwash business sector is developing at a yearly rate of five percent, and plaque battling portion speak to 10 % of this business sector. At that period of time Scope wasn’t working as the protection or prevention product for fighting plaque, the main point is the†¦show more content†¦Be that as it may, in 1988 Plax was presented as pre-brushing wash and it was the principal mouthwash to fight plaque. Plax set up new portion inside of mouthwash business sector, fragment of plaque-battling and picked up 10 % of aggregate business sector. In the period of 1989-1990, the market share of mouthwash business was increased by 5%, while Scope had started losing its piece of the overall industry market share which has dropped by 0.7% from 33% to 32.3%. CUSTOMER ANALYSIS As indicated by the information from the statistical surveying, around 75% of Canadian populace are utilizing mouthwash brands, and by and large, utilization is three times each week for every grown-up family unit part. Moreover, market can be divided by recurrence of utilization: †¢ heavy clients (once every day or more) – 40% †¢ medium clients (two to six times each week) – 45% †¢ light clients (less than once every week) – 15% Most vital purposes behind utilization of mouthwash are as per the following: †¢ It is a piece of my fundamental oral cleanliness – 40% †¢ It disposes of terrible breath – 40% †¢ It eliminates germs – 30% †¢ It makes me feel more sure – 20% †¢ To ardent culpable others – 25% With respect to distribution channels, Scope is for the mostly offered in food stores and that is the reason their share in food stores is 42%, while in drugstores 27%, and roughly 65% of allShow MoreRelatedProduct Market Analysis : Procter And Gamble Essay1089 Words   |  5 PagesProduct-Market Analysis Procter and Gamble heritage began back in 1837 and has brought forth many brands over the years to make the consumers happy. Procter and Gamble Company have five segments under Global Business Unit (GBU): Health Care (Family, Baby, and Feminine), Beauty, Grooming and Home Care. The GBUs have a responsibility for developing the overall brand strategy and innovations with new product and upgrades, along with marketing plans. Proctor and Gamble customers include merchandisersRead MoreThe Search And Capture Of Customer Value1551 Words   |  7 PagesThe Search and Capture of Customer Value For Procter Gamble to enter into a region that would, arguably, produce very limited profits and growth in the immediate foreseeable future is an action that would raise eyebrows. Given the aspects of the specific characteristics of the target market in terms of income, cultures and their tastes and preferences, the entry by Procter Gamble can only be summed up as visionary and strategic. There are better markets in the West where the company could haveRead MoreProcter Gamble859 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Procter and Gamble Case Study Procter Gamble Executive summary: Procter and gamble is one of the most successful companies in the world. the company markets its brands in more than 140 countries, and had net earnings of $1.6 billions in 1990.the Canadian subsidiary contributed $1.4 billion in sales and $100 million in net earnings in 1990.it was recognized as a leader in the Canadian packaged-goods industry, and its customers brands led in most of the categories in which the company competedRead MoreCase Study: Procter Gamble Business Strategy786 Words   |  4 PagesCase Study: Procter Gamble Business Strategy Summary: Procter Gamble, the internationally known company that was founded in 1837, is the producer of various everyday household goods. Over the many years of manufacturing, marketing, and distributing products, the company developed many business strategies and adjusted them accordingly when needed. The first strategy Procter Gamble used was to have mass production of goods out of their hometown, Cincinnati. Then they would have a group ofRead MoreCase Study About Procter and Gamble Company1228 Words   |  5 PagesProcter and Gamble Company Case Analysis This case study analysis focused on Procter and Gamble Company’s marketing plans and strategic options on its light-duty liquid brands (LDL). Procter amp; Gamble is the world’s largest producer of household and hygiene products. By 1981 Pamp;G operated in 26 countries and sales totaled $11.4 billion with 90 consumer and industrial products manufactured in the United States. The case study provided some very detailed data analysis and reports in terms ofRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Procter Gamble856 Words   |  4 PagesCase Study Analysis Procter Gamble (P G) Proctor and Gamble is an American corporation dealing in consumer products. The company markets its range of goods to different global regions having expanded to new markets over time. Among the consumer products offered by Procter and Gamble include cleaning products, pharmaceuticals, and personal care supplies among other products (Proctor Gamble Company Case Study Analysis, 2016). The corporation prides itself on innovations and collaborations asRead MoreTaking a Look at Procter Analysis1005 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Procter and Gamble (P G) is one of the renowned and well-known firms in the world and specifically America and it was originated in 1837.This firm was founded by William Procter and James Gamble. In the beginning, they used to manufacture only soap and candles but as the time passed their growth in business was the remarkable effort. Procter and Gamble has become one of the biggest consumer goods company in the world. Their products are sold in over 180 countries, which include severalRead MoreDreamers1047 Words   |  5 Pagesvolution of Strategy at Procter Gamble Founded in 1837, Cincinnati-based Procter Gamble has long been one of the world’s most international of companies. Today PG is a global colossus in the consumer products business with annual sales in excess of $50 billion, some 54 percent of which are generated outside of the United States. PG sells more than 300 brands—including Ivory soap, Tide, Pampers, Iams pet food, Crisco, and Folgers—to consumers in 160 countries. Historically the strategy at PGRead MoreColgate Max Fresh: Global Brand Roll-Out1079 Words   |  5 Pagesreviewing market launch plans for a new toothpaste, Colgate Max Fresh (CMF) by CP’s Chinese and Mexican subsidiaries. Both launch plans involved departures from the CMF marketing program for the USA launch six months earlier. Burton must decide whether the costs of marketing program adaptation in China and Mexico can be justified. â€Å"Was CMF launched in the U.S. with a global marketing program? If not, what aspects were not transferable?† The reality is that the U.S. Marketing team took little orRead MoreBradley Associates : Marketing Strategy For Your Company Essay1165 Words   |  5 Pagesopportunities for clients. We help companies plan and implement successful strategic marketing programs that are on-target and resonate with new international audiences. We provide clients with deeper insight into customers across countries with their needs across multiple demographic segments. Bradley and Associates then works with seeking companies to develop innovative marketing campaigns that will make a home country brand successful in another. Our marketing strategy for your company includes: ââ€" 

The Road Not Taken, By Robert Frost - 968 Words

Personal Response 3 Title: The Road Not Taken Text Type: Poem Author: Robert Frost The poem, ‘The Road Not Taken’ by Robert Frost is about the â€Å"roads† and different paths we take in our lives. Frost wrote about a traveler who had to chose between two roads. He had to decide if he wanted to go down the well used or less used path. In the end, he went down the less used path. The theme of decision making and choices is shown in this poem. I think that this is a way of describing the choices we make and how much a simple choice can affect our own and others’ lives. The first part, â€Å"Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, and sorry I could not travel both, and be one traveler, long I stood, and looked down one as far as I could,† is about the†¦show more content†¦The next part, â€Å"Though as for that the passing there had worn them really about the same, and both that morning equally lay, in leaves no step had trodden black,† is talking about how one path is used more than the other. It’s always easy to follow the same path that others have taken because you often know what will happen. Some people are happy with the thought through choices they make that everyone else has made. Those who live full, adventurous lives are the ones who go down the less used path and make their own tracks. This often takes a lot of courage because it can be considered â€Å"abnormal† to those around us. In reality, everyone would be more open to adventure and willing to take opportunities if society didn’t have this f ixed idea of normality that some people are afraid to venture out of. The next three lines, â€Å"Oh, I kept the first for another day! Yet knowing how way leads on to way, I doubted if I should ever come back,† are about how life is made up of many different roads. Each choice we make opens up a whole new world of possibilities leading to more paths. This part is significant because the author is trying to say that he will never return to that exact path and won’t be able to backtrack the exact same way as he came. Whenever we make decisions, whether it be a big decision or a small one, if has an impact. It may not seem like at theShow MoreRelatedThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost983 Words   |  4 PagesThe poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken was written by Robert Frost, a four-time Pulitzer Prize winner in poetry, and also a special guest at President John F. Kennedy’s inauguration (Robert Frost Biography). Frost was born on March 26, 1874 in San Francisco, California and he died of complications from prostate surgery on January 29, 1963. Much of Robert’s popularity was gained throughout Europe (An Analysis of Robert Frost’s Poem: The Road Not Taken). Frost became a poetic force, and the unofficial poetRead MoreThe Road Not Taken by Robert Frost764 Words   |  3 PagesWritten by Robert Frost, â€Å"The Road Not Taken† deals with about making choices in life and how those choices affect your whole life. The meter of this poem is iambic tetrameter, for the most part. In most lines, the meter follows the rule with four iambs, which means that there is one unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. But the meter is not normal since, in some lines, an anapest, which means there are two unstressed syllables followed by one stressed syllable, is substituted forRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost1173 Words   |  5 PagesRobert Frost, one of America’s well-known poets is highly regarded for his realistic illustrations of rural life and poetry which is still relevant in today’s society. After being honoured on numerous occasions, he became one of America’s most popular public figures. Frosts’ poems reflect his greatness and his life in a variety of ways after he was confronted with such despair and grief after the passing of his father due to tuberculosis at just eleven years of age and his mother who passed awayRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost995 Words   |  4 Pagesthey can only move forward hoping for the best. â€Å"The Road Not Taken†, Robert Frost, 1916. In â€Å"The Road Not Taken† a traveler is strolling through the woods and comes across two different roads he could take, and unable to travel both the poet eventually chooses which path to take. The theme conveyed is about making choices. Frost does this through the use of diction, the use of figure of speech, and the use of imagery. To start with, Frost displays the main idea of decision making by the wordsRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost1055 Words   |  5 Pagesago. Either way, if you admit it now or in the wee hours of the night, like most people, you will come across this question at least once in your life. Robert Frost was able to grasp this raw, vulnerable life changing moment in the palm of his hand. Then he beautifully laid it out in the form of words in the narrative poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken†. Frost is able to take you back to a time when you have been faced with a life-changing decision. Then, causing you to ask yourself â€Å"Did I make the right choiceRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost940 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Road Not Taken† was written by Robert Frost in 1916, and it was the first poem in the collection Mountain Interval (Shmoop). Even though it was written many years ago, people of all ages still study this enticing poem. Frost wrote about coming to a fork in the woods and examining which path he should take and whether he might ever come back; the speaker believes each path is fine to take, but he takes the less used path (line 6). He wrote about this decision in clear, standard English. â€Å"TheRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost863 Words   |  4 PagesThe Poem, â€Å"The Road Not Taken†, by Robert Frost is a detailed poem about a conflict in a person’s life, dealing with having to take the right path throughout life. The Narrator of this poem is faced with a predicament when he comes across two paths. The choices that he makes in his life, can alter the future for better or worse. This poem describes his attitude and emotion towards his choices as well as, shows examples of themes, mood, and different literary devices. The title of this poem canRead MoreRoad Not Taken, Robert Frost942 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish 101 Burstrem October 7, 2009 The Road Not Taken Life is full of choices and decisions that could ultimately change the outcome of our lives. In the poem, â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost, a traveler is destined to make that decision. This traveler man has to decide which road to take, one that is frequently traveled, and the one that is not. After contemplating which road to follow, he comes to the decision to take the road less traveled because he doesn’t want to follow inRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost1100 Words   |  5 PagesRobert Frost reflects that poetry â€Å"begins in delight and ends in wisdom†¦.It runs a course of lucky events , and ends in a clarification of life—not necessarily a great clarification, such as sects and cults are found on, but in a momentary stay against confusion† (931). His poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken† is a clarification of life. This paper will analyze and evaluate the formal elements of â€Å"The Road Not Taken† and consid er how these elements work together to fit the author’s purpose and clarificationRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost1297 Words   |  6 Pagesthe poet at the time. The poem I’ll be unveiling is â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost, one of the most well-known poets of the modern literature movement. He lived most of his life in America but moved to the UK a few years before World War 1. (Schmoop, 2008). Frost is known for pioneering the idea that poetry deserves to be spoken out loud, using rhythm and meter, giving his work a traditional ambiance. The title ‘The Road Not Taken’ suggests there is no â€Å"right† path, only the chosen path and

The Strategy for Building a Global Brand @Lenovo

Question: Describe about the Strategy Synthesis,Lenovo for Building a Global Brand? Answer: Introduction An analysis of the case study on Lenovo making a global brand has indicated different major findings. The case analysis indicates that Lenovo has acquired IBM in order to go global and establish itself as a global brand. Initially, Lenovo was known as Legend and it has concentrated its focus only on the Chinese industry. However, with the intense level of competition, Lenovo felt the need of going global, and as a part of its strategy, it has performed the acquisition of IBM. There are different important facts related to such acquisition deal by Lenovo has been presented in the given case, and it has also been analysed that there has been the presentation of different strategies as applied by Lenovo in becoming a reputed global brand (Kapferer Jean-Noel, 2008). This case analysis focuses on different such important elements related to the Lenovos decision of going global, and success or failure of Lenovo prior to the acquisition and after the acquisition are considered. In addition to this, the case analysis also focuses towards analysing the advantages and disadvantages of strategies that have been considered by Lenovo in globalising its brand. Finally, there will be the strategic analysis of the given Lenovo case that will be performed through the application of strategic analytical tool such as SWOT, PESTEL, BCG matrix and Porter five forces. Based on the findings from the entire case study, it will be summarised in the conclusion section. IBM Selling its PC Business An analysis of the case study has reflected that Lenovo has acquired the PC business of IBM. However, in entering into such deal, there has been certain specific intent that has been noted with regard to IBM. The main factor that drives IBM in selling its PC business as identified from the case is mainly the change in the focus of the company. IBM has been known as the most reputed seller of PCs but it has changed its focus from being the seller of PCs to providing IT consulting services to its customers. The case analysis has resulted into the identification that IBM has realised about the declining potential of PC industry and the level of competition has also been rising. As a result, the PC selling business looks quite unattractive and the focus of IBM has mostly been towards providing IT consulting services. In addition to this, the case analysis also indicates that IBM has considered this deal within Lenovo as an opportunity because it would allow it in dropping down its unprof itable operations and thereby in concentrating on consulting services such as outsourcing of enterprise IT operations (Quelch Knoop, 2006). The company focused on long term growth strategy and it realised that by concentrating on selling PCs, it wont be able to achieve or maintain its growth position in the industry. It has therefore diversified its strategic focus by paying attention towards IT consulting services and selling off its PC business to Lenovo (Sharp, 2010). An analysis of the case has indicated that IBM has sold its business to Lenovo, and the assessment of the case has resulted into the identification that the most significant reason that becomes the primary contributing factor to IBM in selling its business to Lenovo is mainly the agreement by Lenovo on the terms as presented by IBM. As for instance, even after the acquisition, IBM owned 8.9% in the new acquired firm, and it has also been agreed by Lenovo that after the acquisition, Lenovo would not interfere in the consulting services that would be provided by IBM. There would not be any competitive conditions that would be introduced by Lenovo as agreed prior to the deal. These agreements by Lenovo on the terms and conditions of IBM have made it the most prospective customer and IBM ultimately sold its PC business to Lenovo. This has been the primary reason that has contributed towards the IBM business being sold to Lenovo as indicated in the case analysis (Whittington, 2001). Application of BCG Matrix: This particular decision of IBM selling its PC business to Lenovo can be better assessed through the application of BCG matrix. This matrix indicates the relative position of the company in relation to market performance, and it thereby explains the strategy that needs to be considered by businesses. There are four important positions such as cash cows, dogs, star and question mark. These particular attributes of BCG matrix explains different important indication of an organisations performance in relative to industry performance. An analysis of the given case of Lenovo indicates that the PC industry performance was declining and there was little scope available in the PC selling business. This led to IBM considered the strategy of targeting IT consulting services. This particular strategy of IBM can be best correlated with that of cash cows whereby the declining market performance has resulted into important decisions being undertaken by IBM in the form of leaving the PC segment and providing IT consulting services (Pettigrew, Thomas Whittington, 2002). Explaining Lenovos Success Prior to the Acquisition The case analysis has also indicated about the history of Lenovo whereby it has been assessed that Lenovo initially was known as Legend and it has established itself as a major seller of PC products across Chinese markets. Lenovo has organised itself as the most prominent brand in China with its core emphasis on innovation, quality and efficiency in its products and services offerings. The ability to innovate and offer something new has been the core feature that brought higher level of success and growth to Lenovo prior to acquisition. This has been identified from the case analysis whereby it has been evaluated that Lenovo has been the first company that has introduced Chinese-character card and it has contributed significantly towards the growth of the organisation.The card as introduced by the company is aimed at translating the English language into Chinese and this has been a significant contributor to the growth and recognition of Lenovo in the Chinese markets (Quelch Knoop, 2006). The local level focus of Lenovo in the Chinese markets and catering to the needs and expectations of its customers has been the primary contributing factor that has ensured success to the firm. In addition to this, the continuous and rapid level of innovation as introduced by Lenovo has also been the primary factor that has contributed towards higher organisational success. Further, prior to acquisition, the focus was highly localised and the company has concentrated all its resources in targeting Chinese markets. This has allowed Lenovo in achieving breakthrough improvements in its performance. All these factors have become the primary contributory factor to the growth and success of Lenovo prior to acquisition of IBM. The innovation along with ability of Lenovo in catering to the specific needs and requirements of its customers in China has driven company to higher level of growth and development (Quelch Knoop, 2006). Application of SWOT Analysis: This Lenovos success prior to the acquisition can be better evaluated through SWOT analysis. The strength point of Lenovo as identified from the case is its ability in designing cards that can convert English language into Chinese whereas the weakness of Lenovo is that it has created its brand image only across the Chinese markets. In terms of threats are concerned, the major threat to Lenovo is mainly from the stiff level of competition that was growing significantly across the Chinese markets as posed by international players such as dell, HP etc. The opportunities to Lenovo as identified from the case are the potential for exploring the international markets through its sound ability of innovation and excellence in respect to its offerings to its customers (Keller, Aperia Georgson, 2012). Challenges to Lenovo after Acquisition Before the acquisition of IBM, Lenovo has been operating a very small level, as the company has performed its operations only in the Chinese markets. However, the acquisition of IBM has necessitated Lenovo to make significant changes across its business models so that it can target its customers worldwide. It has been evaluated from the analysis that the main challenge immediately after the acquisition of IBM by Lenovo is that the company has to perform the marketing and management of its business at the global level. It needs to devise strategies that are aimed at targeting its customers in the world market. The second major challenge that has been evident in respect to Lenovo after the acquisition is that the company has to make adequate level of differences between the IBM products and Lenovo products. This is mainly because it needs to maintain two different brands separately and have to position their uniqueness in order to promote both of them in the global market (Fill, 2009). This is mainly because Lenovo cannot afford to lose its master brand at the same of promoting or maintaining IBM brands of product and it needs to manage both these brands. This has been a major challenge to the company, and the challenge also gets complex because the core principle of innovation and efficiency are integrated across the business principles of both IBM and Lenovo. These aspects have presented challenges to the company in maintaining both these brands after the acquisition. The challenges to Lenovo are not over, but the case analysis has indicated that the brand is faced with significant other challenges after the acquisition. As for instance, it has been assessed that Lenovo is mainly from Chinese oriented culture whereas IBM is a global organisation. The integration of culture across both these organisations has been a major challenge that was evident in respect to Lenovo. The cultural clash within employees is quite evident after the acquisition that has been carrie d out. This is mainly because IBM management operates as per US timetable which differs significantly from Chinese timetable (DallOlmo Riley, 2010). These are the major challenges that have been directly evident in respect to the performance of Lenovo after the acquisition of IBM has been taken place. The managerial challenges in the form of cultural differences across the two businesses and the need for maintaining separate business profile for both Lenovo and IBM has been the utmost difficult challenge to the Lenovos management after the acquisition. Advantages and Disadvantages to Lenovo for Different Branding Strategies An analysis of the case study has indicated that there are different branding strategies that have been considered by Lenovo as a part of its promotion at the global level. The company has little overall awareness across the international markets, and in order to raise its awareness level, the company has considered for different range of branding strategies. An analysis of the advantages as well as disadvantages of these strategies as considered are indicated as follows: Using Master Brand Strategy- This branding strategy implies that it requires businesses to focus specifically only their master brand while performing its promotion. The master branding strategy has the advantage in terms of better promotion of the master brand of the company. This is mainly because such master branding allows companies in focusing all its resources on a single brand. Contrary to this, the disadvantage associated with this master brand strategy is that it leaves with lesser overall resources to the firm in paying attention towards enhancing its other sub-brands that are operational (De Wit Meyer, 2005). House of Brand Strategy: This is another important branding strategy which involves the usage of large number of brands by the company in promoting its performance. It requires contribution of resources towards each sub-brand by the firm. The advantage of this branding strategy is that it allows for sufficient level of contribution or attention of the management towards different sub-brands of the company, and none of them get missed. As a result, there would be the possibility of attaining improved level of performance in respect to all the sub-brands of the company. Apart from this, the disadvantage is that it detracts the attention of the management from focusing only their major brands and ultimately, their performance might suffer (Quelch Knoop, 2006). Synergy Approach: The synergy approach to branding indicates a branding strategy whereby a master brand is being promoted in conjunction with a hero i.e. sub-brand. As in the given case of Lenovo, the master brand is the Lenovo itself and the sub-brand is IBM. This strategy has the advantage in the sense that the positive image of the sub-brand assists efficiently in promoting master brand within its target customers. This has been the advantage in respect to Lenovo in the given case study whereby Lenovo has utilised IBM brand in order to promote itself. The advantage is that the company can make use of its sub-brand in promoting its master brand whereas the disadvantage is mainly that this strategy cannot be possible if the sub-brand of the company is not that reputed or have strong brand image in the market (Carter, Clegg Kornberger, 2008). Lexus/Toyota Strategy: This has been the fourth major strategy that has been indicated in the given case. This strategy indicates that different brands of the company would represent separate luxury and mass market offerings. This implies that different product would create their own brand image and they would be marketed separately. In this relation, the main advantage of this particular strategy is that each separate brand of the company creates its own image and the resulting impact is that they are self dependent. However, the disadvantage is that in this branding strategy, the management require significant level of efforts in building up its different brands and leading them to higher level of success (Quelch Knoop, 2006). These are the major advantages and disadvantages of different branding strategies that have been identified. They should be considered by organisations before building up their branding strategy in particular. Lenovo Handling Brand Management Challenges: An analysis of the case study has indicated that Lenovo has faced with brand management challenges in its operations, and it is therefore essential that there should be appropriate strategies that must be considered by them. The acquisition of IBM has posed challenges to Lenovo in terms of its efficient brand management. The company faced challenges especially in respect to managing its Lenovo brand and at the same time, maintaining the status quo of its IBM brand. The challenge as faced by Lenovo related to brand management should be addressed by way of considering the synergy approach to managing brand. This is mainly because the IBM brand is already well known international brand and by utilising the effectiveness of its IBM brand, company can consider for promoting its master brand i.e. Lenovo. This strategy would have allowed Lenovo in keeping both its brand separately and distinct image, and at the same time, they could be recognised as two different brands by their customers. This should be the strategy that should have been considered by Lenovo for the purpose of branding its image (Doyle, 2008). Agreement for Lenovos Chosen Strategy: An analysis of the case study has indicated about the Lenovos chosen strategy and it is assessed that Lenovo has considered a simple strategy for the purpose of promoting its brand. It has been identified that a simple strategy of one two punch is being considered by Lenovo whereby the company focused on building up its Lenovo brand and continue to strengthen its ThinkPad product brand. This brand strategy as considered by Lenovo has been extremely effective from the point of view of catering to the needs and expectations of the brand. This is mainly because IBM has its own distinctive image and at the same time, Lenovo has also built up its own unique identity in the Chinese market and is building up its image in the global market. This simple strategy of building both these brands individually has therefore been highly efficient to the company. In addition to this, Lenovo has emphasised towards combining innovation and efficiency element in it s brand and this has proved to be highly successful to the company in addressing the higher level of competition as faced by it. Overall, the branding strategy as considered by Lenovo has been highly effective (Johnson, Scholes Whittington, 2009). Analysis of Lenovos Strategy through Porter Five Forces: An analysis of the PC industry indicates that the bargaining power of buyer is higher because they have wide range of choices available to them in selecting a particular brand and this led to medium power of suppliers in the industry. The threats of substitute are also increasing with tablets and smartphones being introduced. However, the new entrant threat is lower because of huge investment and reputation required in achieving success in such industry and the competitive condition is extremely tough whereby global players such as Dell and HP are competing heavily. Within such market conditions, it is highly essential that the Lenovos strategy should be to include both the innovative factors and efficiency factor so that the increasing competitive conditions as prevalent across the international markets can be efficiently addressed (Hooley, Saunders Piercy, 2008). Lenovo Becoming a Global Brand On the basis of analysis of the case study, it is assessed that Lenovo has originally been a Chinese brand as it has started its operations from China. However, the company later realised that it needs to go global, and in pursuing such global strategy, there are certain problems that are evident in respect to Lenovo. These problems are mainly because of the fact that Lenovo is mainly a Chinese brand and it is often associated with features such as lower on quality. Further, the case analysis indicated that the company has never been able to compete on basis such as lower cost of products. This is mainly because by lowering simply on the prices of the product, it is likely that its products are associated with lower quality because Lenovo is a Chinese brand. Thus, this particular association of Lenovo as being the Chinese company has affected the company in an adverse way in becoming a global brand (Fifield, 2007). Overcoming Problems- Such problems of associating the company with China by its customers can be overcome through focusing especially on aspects such as quality. Even by way of adapting a cost efficient strategy, Lenovo could still become a major global brand, but it needs to focus on aspects such as innovation, higher quality etc so that it can create distinguished image within its customers. Conclusion This report involved the performance of a critical analysis of the Lenovo case study and the performance of analysis revealed significant level of findings. It has been evaluated that IBM has sold its PC business to Lenovo mainly because of declining performance of the PC selling business, and growing overall effectiveness in respect to the IT consulting services. Lenovo has been identified as the most efficient target customer by IBM because of the easy agreement to all the conditions of IBM by it. The analysis has also indicated about the factors that have explained the success of Lenovo prior to acquisition and it has been evaluated that the major factors that have attributed success to Lenovo are the ability of the company in providing cards that translates English language into Chinese and also the ability of Lenovo to innovate and provide highly efficient products and services to its customers. However, the case analysis has also indicated that there are various major challenge s that are evident in respect to Lenovos performance after the acquisition and these are identified in terms of cross cultural compatibilities between the management of both these companies, and also the issue of maintaining brand image of both these companies. The analysis has also indicated about the advantages and disadvantages of the branding strategies as considered by Lenovo and finally, it is assessed that Lenovo faced problems in becoming a global brand because it mainly comes from China. References Carter, C., Clegg, S. Kornberger, M. (2008), A Very Short, Fairly Interesting and Reasonably Cheap Book About Studying Strategy, SAGE Publications, London, England. De Wit, B. Meyer, M., (2005) Strategy Synthesis: Resolving Strategy Paradoxes to Create Competitive Advantage (Texts Readings), Thompson Learning, UK DallOlmo Riley, F. (2010). Editors Introduction: Brand Management (pp. xxiii xxxi). In: DallOlmo Riley, F. (ed.) Brand Management, London: Sage Doyle, P. (2008), Value-Based Marketing: Marketing Strategies for Corporate Growth Shareholder Value, 2nd edition, John Wiley Sons, Chichester, England. Fill, C. (2009) Marketing Communications: interactivity, communities and content. Fifth edition, Prentice Hall. Fifield, F. (2007), Marketing Strategy: The Difference between Marketing and Markets, Butterworth-Heinemann, Elservier, Harlow, England. Hooley G.J, Saunders J. Piercy N.F. (2008), Marketing Strategy Competitive Positioning, 4th edition, Harlow : Financial Times Prentice Hall Johnson, G., Scholes, K. Whittington, R. (2009). Fundamentals of Strategy. Essex: Pearson. Kapferer, Jean-Noel (2008) The new strategic brand management. London: Kogan Page Keller, K.L., Aperia, T., Georgson, M. (2012), Strategic Brand Management, A European Perspective, ISBN 978-0-273-70632-8 Publisher: Harlow, England: FT/ Prentice Hall Pettigrew, A., Thomas, H. Whittington, R. (2002), Handbook of Strategy Management, SAGE Publications, London, England Quelch, J,. Knoop, C. (2006) Lenovo: Building a Global Brand, Harvard Business School. Sharp, B. (2010). How brands grow. Victoria, Australia: Oxford University Press. Whittington, R., (2001), What is Strategy and Does it Matter? Routledge, London

Women in music an Example by

Women in music It has been written that Western Music originated in the Western world which includes Western Classical music, Western and Country, American Jazz, Pop music, and Rock and Roll. Western Music was also related to old an English, Scottish, and Irish folk ballad which were originally composed by the people from Western America and Western Canada as well. It is also influenced by Mexican music, particularly in the American Southwest, which added to its development. (Wikipedia Encyclopedia). Need essay sample on "Women in music" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Women's involvement in western music have different roles such as audience, as participant, as a sponsor and as a creator (Cyrus, 2003). According to Touliatos (1996), during the period of early Christianity in Byzantium, Byzantine women are considered inferior to men in intellectual and spiritual aspect. With this, we can assume that womens involvement in music is very minimal. We have known before that few numbers of women are associated with prostitution so they are forbidden to perform using musical instruments, specially the unmarried women. Also in Byzantine society the result of being a single woman who cannot act freely chooses between marriage and the monastery (Touliatos 1996). As I read the life of this woman named Fanny Mendelssohn, I realized that she is a good example of a woman who has a unique talent in music but surpassed so many trials before her music became known. Fanny expresses an exceptional ability in music as a child and she loves to write music. However, his father did support her with her desire to write compositions but she is being tolerated at least. The reason behind this is the notion that women should only stay at home and later will become a housewife. Abraham, her father, was a well-off banker at that time. Fanny has a brother named Felix who is also talented so they became well gifted composers and pianists. However, Fannys talent as a composer was quite comparable to those of her brother but her father is having a contrasting attitude towards this calling which he considers inappropriate for a young lady. With this Felix carried on this opposition after their father's death until Fanny decided to pursue what she wants to do and finally she got married. Felix becomes supportive with her sister about her composition and performance at last but he was also being cautious for family reasons so he published Fannys works under her own name and some of her songs are published under his own name as well. In turn Fanny helped Felix by to constructive his own pieces by criticizing it. It was then that her music becomes known through concert performances and by the released of CDs on labels. Fannys repute has been highly developed by a research for female musical creativity, where she is one few exemplars during early 19th century (Pendle, 1991). In conclusion, women dont always appear inferior to men when it comes to music. As of this generation, the 21st century, there are top female artist in the field of music, who continually inspires people by their song compositions and the like. Similar to Fanny, and the rest of the women of their times and the present, it is indeed a good experience from the past that women are deprived of getting involved into music, because they only proved that everybody is accepted whether men or women in the music industry. Many women are living proof that we are splendidly proficient in creating an important and long-lasting cultural contribution such as being composers, performers, patrons, poets, and subject of musical expression. Widely know from being criticized in olden days, what is important is the involvement that women made to the world of Musical history. References Cyrus, C.J., (2003) Medieval Women and Music. Touliatos, Diane. (1996). Women Composer: Music Through the Ages, vol. I Composers Born Before 1599, eds.Martha Furman Schleifer and Sylvia Glickman. New York: G.K. Hall, pp. 1-24.Pendle, K. (1991), Women in Music: A History. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

11th Commandment - Definition in Politics

11th Commandment - Definition in Politics The 11th commandment is an informal rule in the Republican Party mistakenly attributed to Presidential Ronald Reagan that discourages attacks on members of the party and encourages candidates to be kind to each other. The 11th commandment states: Thou shalt not speak ill of any Republican. The other thing about the 11th commandment: Nobody pays attention to it anymore. The 11th commandment  is not meant to discourage healthy debate over policy or political philosophy between Republican candidates for office. It is designed to prevent GOP candidates from launching into personal attacks that would damage the eventual nominee in his general-election contest with the Democratic opponent or preclude him from taking office. In modern politics, the 11th commandment has failed to prevent Republicans candidates from attacking each other. A good example is the 2016 Republican presidential primaries, in which eventual nominee and President-elect Donald Trump routinely disparaged his opponents. Trump referred to Republican U.S. Sen. Marco Rubio as little Marco, U.S. Sen. Ted Cruz as Lyin Ted, and former Florida Jeb Bush as a very low energy kind of guy. The 11th commandment is dead, in other words. Origin of 11th Commandment The origin of the 11th commandment is most often credited to former Republican President Ronald Reagan. Though Reagan used the term many times to discourage infighting in the GOP, he did not come up with 11th commandment. The term was first used by Calfornias Republican Party chairman, Gaylord B. Parkinson, before Reagans first campaign for governor of that state in 1966. Parkinson had inherited a party that was deeply divided. While Parkinson is believed to have first issued that commandment Thou shalt not speak ill of any Republican, he added: Henceforth, if any Republican has a grievance against another, that grievance is not to be bared publicly. The term 11th commandment is a reference to the original 10 commandments handed down by God on how humans should behave. Reagan is often mistakenly given credit with coining the 11th commandment because he was a devout believer in it since first running for political office in California. Reagan wrote in the autobiography An American Life: The personal attacks against me during the primary finally became so heavy that the state Republican chairman, Gaylord Parkinson, postulated what he called the Eleventh Commandment: Thou shalt not speak ill of any fellow Republican. Its a rule I followed during that campaign and have ever since. When Reagan challenged President Gerald Ford for the Republican nomination in 1976, he declined to attack his opponent. I will not put aside the 11th commandment for anyone, Reagan said in announcing his candidacy. 11th Commandment Role in Campaigns The 11th commandment itself has become a line of attack during Republican primaries. Republican candidates often accuse their intraparty rivals of violating the 11th commandment by running negative television ads or leveling misleading charges. In the 2012 Republican presidential contest, for example, Newt Gingrich accused a super PAC that was supporting front-runner Mitt Romney of violating the 11th commandment in the run-up to the Iowa Caucuses. The super PAC, Restore Our Future, questioned Gingrichs record as speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives. Gingrich responded on the campaign trail in Iowa by saying, I believe in Reagans 11th commandment. He then went on to criticize Romney, calling the former governor a Massachusetts moderate, among other things. Erosion of 11th Commandment Some conservative thinkers have argued that most Republican candidates have forgotten about or simply choose to ignore the 11th commandment in modern politics. They believe the abandonment of the principle has undermined the Republican Party in elections. In a tribute to Reagan following his death in 2004, U.S. Sen. Byron L. Dorgan said the 11th commandment has been long forgotten, regrettably. I am afraid that todays politics have taken a turn for the worse. President Reagan was agressive in debate but always respectful. I believe he personified the notion that you can disagree without being disagreeable. The 11th commandment was not intended to prohibit Republican candidates from engaging in reasonable debates over policy or pointing out differences between themselves and their rivals. Reagan, for example, was unafraid of challenging his fellow Republicans over their policy decisions and political ideology. Reagans interpretation of the 11th commandment was that the rule was meant to discourage personal attacks between Republican candidates. The line between a spirited conversation over policy and philosophical difference, though, and speaking ill of an opponent is often blurry.

Qué es TPS y beneficios migratorios a centroamericanos

Quà © es TPS y beneficios migratorios a centroamericanos El Estatus de Proteccià ³n Temporal, conocido como TPS por sus siglas en inglà ©s, es un beneficio que otorgan las autoridades de Estados Unidos a migrantes indocumentados de determinados paà ­ses en donde existe una situacià ³n grave de inestabilidad, como una guerra civil o un desastre natural. No todos los migrantes indocumentados procedentes de paà ­ses en conflicto pueden beneficiarse de un TPS. Las autoridades de Estados Unidos deben emitir una declaracià ³n formal extendiendo proteccià ³n TPS a los nacionales de un paà ­s en particular. Puntos Clave: TPS El TPS es una proteccià ³n temporal otorgada por el gobierno de los Estados Unidos a los migrantes de paà ­ses en situaciones de inestabilidad grave.Beneficios migratorios por TPS: los migrantes no pueden ser deportados, cuentan con permiso de trabajo y pueden solicitar permiso para viajar fuera de EE.UU. y regresar.Paà ­ses centroamericanos amparados bajo TPS: El Salvador, Nicaragua y Honduras.  ¿Quà © paà ­ses tienen TPS? En la actualidad, los ciudadanos de 10 paà ­ses pueden beneficiarse de un TPS, en tanto reà ºnan los requisitos establecidos en sus respectivas declaraciones de Estatus de Proteccià ³n Temporal: El Salvador, Haità ­, Honduras, Nepal, Nicaragua, Siria, Somalia, Sudn, Sudn del Sur y Yemen. En estos momentos, la situacià ³n del TPS para El Salvador, Nicaragua, Haità ­ y Sudn es voltil debido a que la administracià ³n del Presidente Donald Trump dictaminà ³ el fin del programa, pero la orden preliminar de una corte de distrito impide, por el momento, la ejecucià ³n de dicha decisià ³n.  ¿Cules son las protecciones migratorias para los migrantes con TPS? Las protecciones migratorias para los migrantes indocumentados con TPS aprobado o elegibles para TPS son las siguientes: No pueden ser deportados ni detenidos por razones migratorias.Tienen derecho a un permiso de trabajo conocido como EAD.Pueden obtener un permiso para viajar fuera de EE.UU. y regresar.Pueden solicitar un nà ºmero del Seguro Social y sacar la licencia de manejar. Sin embargo, un TPS no es un camino directo hacia la tarjeta de residencia permanente, conocida como green card. En otras palabras, un TPS no se convierte en una green card al cabo del paso del tiempo y de manera automtica. Tampoco es un camino hacia la ciudadanà ­a estadounidense. Cabe destacar que, como condicià ³n indispensable para obtener los beneficios del TPS, es obligatorio estar en Estados Unidos en el momento en que se produce la declaracià ³n de las autoridades estadounidenses otorgando TPS a un determinado paà ­s. En otras palabras, el TPS no beneficia a los migrantes que llegaron en fecha posterior a dicha declaracià ³n. Tambià ©n es imprescindible haber solicitado el TPS en los 18 meses siguientes al inicio del programa y haber solicitado la extensià ³n cada vez que se decretà ³ la misma. Situacià ³n de TPS para salvadoreà ±os El TPS para El Salvador se aprobà ³ en 2001 y desde entonces se extendià ³ en sucesivas ocasiones. En la actualidad, unos 200.000 salvadoreà ±os se benefician del mismo, aunque estn en riesgo de perderlo. En enero de 2018, el Departamento de Seguridad Interna (DSH, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) anuncià ³ que no iba a extender el TPS para El Salvador y que este caducarà ­a en septiembre de 2019. Sin embargo, segà ºn una orden preliminar en el caso Ramos et al v. Nielsen et al, el DHS no puede poner fin a la proteccià ³n de TPS. Mientras tanto, para los salvadoreà ±os que pidieron la à ºltima extensià ³n de su TPS, tienen que haber recibido la carta Notice of Continued Evidence of Work Authorization enviada por USCIS. Esta puede presentarse junto con el permiso de trabajo como prueba de que se est autorizado para trabajar en Estados Unidos. Las personas que no han recibido la carta y cumplen los requisitos (como haber solicitado la extensià ³n del TPS dentro de plazo a principios de 2018) pueden solicitarla marcando al 1-800-375-5283 o comunicndose con Emma, la asistente virtual de USCIS. TPS y beneficiarios nicaragà ¼enses La situacià ³n de los nicaragà ¼enses con TPS es similar a la de los salvadoreà ±os. El gobierno de EE.UU. anuncià ³ el fin de ese programa el 5 de julio de 2019, pero la orden preliminar de una corte de distrito del norte de California ha dejado, por el momento, vigente el programa, y se est a la espera de futuras decisiones judiciales. Mientras tanto, entre 2.500 y 5.000 nicaragà ¼enses siguen amparados por el TPS con permisos de trabajo con fecha de vencimiento de 2 de abril de 2019. El gobierno de Estados Unidos concedià ³ el TPS para Nicaragua en 1999, despuà ©s de que el huracn Mitch devastà ³ el paà ­s. Pudieron acogerse al programa los nicaragà ¼enses que demostraron haber ingresado a EE.UU. el 30 de diciembre de 1998 o antes y haber estado en el paà ­s de forma continua desde el 5 de enero de 1999. TPS para hondureà ±os A mediados de 2008, el gobierno de Trump extendià ³ el TPS para hondureà ±os hasta el 5 de enero de 2020. Aproximadamente unos 57.000 hondureà ±os tienen TPS, bajo la resolucià ³n que fue aprobada en 1998 tras los desastres provocados en su paà ­s por el paso del huracn Mitch.  ¿Quà © pueden hacer los migrantes con TPS para arreglar sus papeles? Teniendo en consideracià ³n que el TPS no se convierte nunca automticamente en una tarjeta de residencia permanente y que existe la amenaza real de que el TPS caduque, es conveniente explorar si existen posibilidades de quedarse en Estados Unidos legalmente. En primer lugar, es posible para algunos migrantes ajustar su estatus cuando hay una peticià ³n. Por ejemplo, una solicitud de papeles presentada por un ciudadano estadounidense para su cà ³nyuge o por un hijo nacido en EE.UU. mayor de 21 para su padre o su madre. En ambos casos, para que sea posible el ajuste de estatus es necesario que el migrante haya ingresado legalmente a EE.UU., aunque luego se hubiera convertido en indocumentado al no salir dentro del plazo autorizado. Cabe destacar que los migrantes que ingresaron a EE.UU. cruzando ilegalmente la frontera no pueden ajustar su estatus por peticià ³n de cà ³nyuge ciudadano ni de hijos ciudadanos. Estas peticiones deben finalizarse en una embajada o consulado de EE.UU. y esa salida del paà ­s lleva aparejada, en muchos casos, que se active el castigo de 3 a 10 aà ±os que impide regresar por ese tiempo. La à ºnica excepcià ³n son los migrantes que califiquen para obtener un perdà ³n provisional por dureza extrema antes de viajar fuera de EE.UU., ya que aunque tendrà ­a que salir del paà ­s para presentarse a la entrevista en un consulado podrà ­an regresar inmediatamente despuà ©s de la misma. En segundo lugar, serà ­a posible para algunos migrantes acogerse al asilo polà ­tico. Aunque en principio hay que solicitarlo en el plazo de un aà ±o desde que se ingresa a EE.UU., el TPS paraliza ese cà ³mputo, ya que es una circunstancia extraordinaria que, en el lenguaje legal del asilo, para el reloj. En tercer lugar, los migrantes que son familiares inmediatos de un ciudadano que sirve en el Ejà ©rcito de los Estados Unidos o es veterano o reservista podrà ­an regularizar su situacià ³n y sacar la green card por medio del programa conocido como Parole in Place. Finalmente, los migrantes và ­ctimas de ciertos crà ­menes podrà ­an obtener beneficios migratorios a travà ©s de la visa T para casos de trfico humano. Esta opcià ³n tambià ©n aplica para la visa U, para casos de personas que han colaborado en la resolucià ³n de ciertos crà ­menes o la condena de los victimarios, asà ­ como el programa VAWA para và ­ctimas de violencia domà ©stica para cà ³nyuges de ciudadanos o residentes permanentes legales. En algunos casos esta proteccià ³n tambià ©n se extiende a los padres e hijos de los mismos. Es importante evitar ser và ­ctima de fraude de asesores no calificados que juegan con la desesperacià ³n de los migrantes. Es recomendable consultar el caso de cada persona con un abogado calificado o un representante acreditado por el Departamento de Justicia. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

BRAHMS REQUIEM Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

BRAHMS REQUIEM - Assignment Example The Robert Schumann’s death that took place on July 1856 also triggered the motivation of this music (Musgrave 25). Brahms’ Requiem differed from other types of music in that it was deeply moving and contained messages of hope, consolation and peace which are rare messages in other forms of music. The requiem also differed in its length being the largest Brahms’ single outdid all the other music. Ellen Eccles being a theatre that was used by the Roman Catholics to conduct the masses for the dead served as a perfect venue for the presentation of this song whose main message was to console as well as restoring hope (Musgrave 47). The classical music is closely linked with broad historical periods, genres, forms and styles. These characteristics show that the classical music is more profound and serious than other types of music. The broadness of the classical music’s genres styles and forms offers classical music with diversity and, therefore, it is capable of expressing of more profound ideas, feeling, and emotions than other types of music. Requiem was all about consolation, hope and peace. The main themes in requiem were melancholy and consolation. In some movements the theme of melancholy was brought about by omission of trumpets, clarinets, violins and timpani (Musgrave

Infection control and prevention Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Infection control and prevention - Essay Example Insertion of central venous catheters (CVCs) has become commonplace in the peri-operative and intensive care setting. Over the years, they have played a reliable role in patient care for haemodynamic management, patent intravenous access in patients suffering from chronic illnesses and administration of parenteral nutrition and other chemotherapeutic agents. The three sites that are utilized for central venous catheter insertion are internal jugular, subclavian and femoral. Although, like any other medical intervention, these catheters have their own share of complications, it is the risk of infection, which has the most serious clinical and economic repercussions for the patient, physician and health care facility with high morbidity and mortality.One survey determined that central lines are associated with more than 40% of blood stream infections in England. Thus, it is imperative that strict infection control measures are enforced during the care of CVCs. Risk of infection in peri -operative setting would depend upon whether the CVC is kept in situ for a long time or it is removed post surgery. Otherwise, rest of the discussion about CRBSI is applicable to ICU as well as peri-operative setting. Definition and diagnosis of CRBSI Catheter related blood stream infection (CRBSI) is a type of hospital acquired infection which is clinically defined as fungemia or bacteremia in a patient with CVC in situ, as shown by positive blood culture from a peripheral vein, along with clinical signs of infection, but no other apparent source for positive blood culture. ... , or, blood sample from a peripheral vein and sample drawn from the catheter hub (IDSA 2012)) Risk of CRBSI in perioperative and ICU setting Many factors have been investigated for the role that they are likely to play in the development of these infections. The factors which have been most commonly scrutinized for their role in causation of CRBSI are: Selection of the type of catheter: single lumen catheters have a lower incidence of CRBSI than multiple lumen, antimicrobial impregnated catheters preferred in centres with high rates of CRBSI or prolonged requirement of CVC (reference no.23), role of peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) the site of CVC insertion: Subclavian most preferred, femoral least preferred hand hygiene: technique should be accurately followed aseptic precautions and skin preparation followed during insertion: use of gloves and barrier precautions, skin preparation with chlorhexidine in alcoholic solution nature and material of the dressing applied ov er the insertion site antibiotic ointment systemic antibiotic prophylaxis antimicrobial flush and lock solutions anticoagulant flush replacement of CVCs Replacement of IV administration sets handling of the CVC port by nursing and other health care staff USG guidance at the time of insertion Various studies and clinical trials support or contradict these factors. Also, there are evidence based practices and interventions based on these related factors and derived from the existing knowledge about infection control, which, when diligently followed in ICUs and other health care settings, have demonstrated a decrease in the rate of development of CRBSI (National Institute for Clinical Excellence 2003, Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee 2011). Pathogenesis of Catheter

Earthquakes in GCC countries Essay Example for Free

Earthquakes in GCC countries Essay An Earthquake known also as tremor is resulted from a sudden release of energy ,which takes place in the earths crust, which then creates seismic waves. They are vibrations triggered by movement of rocks that have been strained (deformed) beyond their elastic limit. This activity called seismicity or seismism of an area refers to type , size and frequency over a time period. Earthquakes are measured using many instruments ( up to atleast 20 different types of measures) seismometers and the richter scale are most common and known, and ranges from 1. hich is the smallest to 9. 0, typically the highest possible value of any earthquake . They occur along faults, faults are fractures in the lithosphere caused by regions of rock rubbing against each other and become displaced. Earthquake terms: Seismic waves: These spread out towards all directions when the fault ruptures. Focus: The location from where the seismic waves are released. Epicenter: The point directly above the focus, on the earths surface. Earthquake damage depends on a number of factors such as: Distance from epicenter Magnitude of the earthquake Type of building construction (materials etc) Time of day Population around epicenter and other damages. Earthquakes forecasting Scientists have not been so successful in finding ways to make short term predictions as they seem to be very unpredictable however a lot of research and effort has been put into this in hope of finding a reliable system or device for short term earthquake environments scientists can make accounts of reasonable forecasts of where and how large an earthquake might be. In GCC: In the United Arab Emirates over the years a few minor earthquakes have taken lace, as assumed earlier this is no longer safe from this natural disaster. Especially with neighboring countries having major earthquakes such as Iran, which now has raised many questions as to if there is only a matter of time till when UAE faces one. GCC are now being monitored by several groups from United states of America and local groups also in the IJAE. Every year some earthquake tremors are felt due to the ones that have occurred in Iran and these vary in magnitude. Iran sits on multiple fault lines because of which the country faces earthquakes nearly everyday. n the 20th century itself, earthquakes have taken 126,000 lives according to the Encyclopedia Iranica. Sharjah residents of the Madam area situated on the Dubai-Fujairah road experienced a moderate intensity earthquake(3. 1)of Jus a few seconds,which sent panic waves across the residents forcing them to come out in the open when things stared moving inside their homes and business however no losses or deaths were resulted. This was a 1st time that the area noticed an earthquake generated locally. The last earthquake experienced by the region was on the 8th of May last year when 5. 5 magnitude earthquake hit the northern emirates 67 kms from Fujairah in the seas of the Gulf of Oman. Seismologists say, the UAE is located close to the Major Earthquake Zone and also has 3 local fault zones located at Wadi Ham,near Dibba, and between Bidyah and Jebel Sahal. Plates and Fault lines in the Region: A UAE based geologist suggests that Iran-style earthquakes are very unlikely to occur in the IJAE, because the tremore felt in the I-JAE are not caused by the same factors as those in Iran. Dr. Fowler suggested that in the area where maximum amount of aterial is being pushed aside,right at the edge of the plate is where most earthquakes occur,hence Iran. He also added that stresses become weaker and weaker the further they get from the egde,so Dubai is a much safer location where ther isnt any direct tectonic stress effects,ruling out the possibility of bigger earthquakes. Stresses are transmitted and that builds up to a bigger quake however before the build up there are lots of smaller quakes, there is no particular reason for the stresses to build up to a bigger quake though. Kuwaiti seismologist Dr. Faryal Bu Rabee has warned that a major earthquake is imminent in Iran which would have disastrous effects on the Gulf Arab states. He suggested that the epicenter would be in the Kerman area of South Iran, located north of the UAE. The last earthquake which magnitude earthquake on the 24th of November ,2005. Dr Fowler based her calculation on historic and scientific factors adding that the earthquake magnitudes could go up to 8 on the Richter scale. She also said that such earthquakes can result in a Tsunami which other scientists do not agree with,according to them a tsunami in he gulf is very unlikely because it is not deep enough. The Sea of oman which borders Iran opens into the larger n vast Arabian Sea where tsunamis have been recorded in the past. The last earthquake to rock the region was a 5. 9 February 08 quake, which was 10kms deep and located at about 250 kms frm Dubai Abu Dhabi. She also said any earthquake that occurs in the southern region of Iran frm the Zagros Mountains to the Makran Coast will have an effect on the Gulf Arab states. On Nov 28 1945, an 8. 1 magnitude quake had hit the Arabian Sea resulting in a tsunami that reached as far as Pakistan and India. Tsunami Hawaii-Based researcher George Pararas studied the Makran quake and tsunami,which caused 13metre waves of the Markan coast and 11 metre waves on the Gujrat India Coast killing 4000 people off the Makran coast. Fowler concluded by saying earthquake activity is not frequent in the country and it would definately take much longer to identify the trends on the Seismic activity in the region as compared to other regions that are more earthquake prone. However I-JAES close proximity to Iran which sits on multiple fault lines means that most the earthquakes felt there will also be felt in the IJAE.

Public Schools :: essays research papers

When Americans' think of education, they almost automatically think of public education. Through the years the idea home schooling is slowly changing. Many parents today are deciding to home school their children. Although most people think that a public education is better, most statistics and facts tend to show that home schooling is beneficial in more ways. It is estimated that parents are now teaching over two million children at home, rather than in public or even private schools. The idea of public education has been debated for years. Students are being faced with so much violence and crime in today's public school systems, that parents are forced to find a suitable alternative. In the past few years, home schooling has had a tremendous rise and has proved to be very successful in providing effective education. In the following paper, I intend to argue that home schooling is a successful educational reform when the child and parent work together to achieve academic excellence. Education in public schools has been on the criticized for many years. Parents now feel that their kids are in danger because of the crime, peer pressure, and violence at school. Teen pregnancies, teen sexual diseases, teen suicides, teen alcohol, drug abuse, pornography, and illiteracy rates abruptly increased 200 to 300 percent (Klicka 48). Violence is one of the main factors effecting are schools today. Rape is a growing problem among juveniles. A juvenile commits one out of every five rapes that occur in the United States. There is also a higher use of drugs and alcohol among kids in public schools. Over 80 percent of public high school students drink alcohol and 45.7 percent have used marijuana. Drugs and alcohol make most people extremely violent. That is also why our violence and crime rates are so high. Over hundreds of millions of dollars are spend on the security of our nation's public schools. In The Right Choice Home Schooling, Christopher Klicka says, "In Washington, D.C., drugs and violence were such a problem in one Elementary school, that the principal banned regular recess, and the children are only allowed to play outside in a pit enclosed by eight-foot concrete walls, or on a small section of playground monitored by the police (Klicka 51)." The disciplinary problems of children usually start even before they reach public school. In the last ten years, research shows that infants raised in daycare "are more prone to behavioral problems as young

Battle-Piece

Those who are going for picnics stopover here for one hour, fill their stomachs and leave. Hardly ever they make a immediate visit downhill to the camp; they overlook the throb, crack and annoyance in the tightened teeth, rifle, bullets, cap and camp-boys. The shouts of canon, ringing, the tap of drum. In haze, pallid, dirty, smoke-blackened Clem, Austace and Willy-it is futile to identify them by name or even describe every one. Anyhow, it has completed by now.In every winter grandsons and spouses of respectful soldiers put garland, or ornaments of undying artificial flowers. No one labels it lethargic. It is month of August and it is late afternoon, a mix of heat and vapors sparkles over the polished stonework, sun moves through the silky tress of pines borders has been trimmed like short graceful grass. It is distressing to observe that beautiful concrete box turning into fragments. The bombardment of gun shell produces screeches.Twisting splitting of delicate Lielly. Yes here are scraped trails with beautiful tress and cool streams. The cries, you were not able to hear were of doves. Now evening recalls you all; you excited as a neat bubble gum and young boy who stole apples are tasking last sip of their molasses drink as some other’s son who is eager to supply food has finished haying. Note down the startling shock when each of these boys has got sandstone bolsters while hitting the neat border of a scythe.

Isis: Terrorism and Richest Terrorist Group

ISIS is the biggest terrorist army in history. It has caught people's attention all around the world and needs to be stopped immediately. Published by the Boston Herald, scholars Steven Buck,James Philips, Charlotte Florence, Hell Dale and Peter Brooked met up to make an article about the ISIS. â€Å"ISIS Is a clear, present danger. † Before reading this article I had never discovered SIS'S. I never would've thought that a terrorist group could cause so much sadness and hate. I didn't know that terrorists could form an army and just decide to destroy people.When they say convert, Join us, or die,† they not only mean it, but they will follow through with terrible effect. I never watch the news or read the newspaper so I didn't get the chance to hear about ISIS until now. It is absolutely sickening how people in this world can be. Now after reading this article, I learned a lot about ISIS. I learned that ISIS became a huge success so quickly. They even use social media to advertise themselves as a killing group. Their Youth and Twitter page show that the West Is their target. The ISIS Is rising to the top to the point where the terrorist group, al-Qaeda, want to come together with SIS'S. The al-Qaeda control no territory and Is dependent on Afghan and Pakistani and Salamis militants. The leaked is forced to live a clandestine existence under the constant threat of drone strikes; while everyone in the world know about ISIS and how they harm people. The leader of ISIS, ABA-Baker al-Baghdad, is a charismatic leader who claims descent from the Prophet Mohammed. He has much more personal appeal for young Muslim militants than al- Qaeda leader Amman al-Chair. Most people are aware that terrorist groups control almost everything.ISIS lone controls electricity, extortion racket, and exports OLL and gas. â€Å"ISIS Is the richest terrorist group In history,† as stated In the article. ISIS robs banks, controls OLL fields, and pockets a huge amount of mo ney from ransoms. Robbing Mogul's central bank yielded more than $400 million in gold and Iraq currency. It controls oil fields in Syria and Iraq that generate income. How can people who were once so low in the world now be a group of terrorists who are an unstoppable army? Their army controls the size of Maryland! ISIS is the most heavily-armed Salamis extremist group in history.They captured huge amounts of military weapons and equipment in Iraq and Syria. It is easier to travel across the border of Iraq and Syria than it is to travel to Pakistan or Afghanistan. The amount of disrespect this group has caused is disgusting. They should be embarrassed, not happy about it. After watching a video and looking up more Information I feel sick. ISIS needs to be stopped. In conclusion, after reading and watching the news about ISIS, all I have to say Is how sickening and heartless how people can be In this world. ISIS Is not Just a error group, it is an unstoppable army.ISIS attracts recru its from the Middle East, understand how much pain they're causing others? Don't they realize whoever they just killed belong to a family? I hope sometime in the near future this group stops and realizes what they are doing is hurting others. Everyone needs to be at peace and go back to their country. If their group is so â€Å"religious† as Eve heard, what makes them want to harm others for no reason? This all needs to end soon. They need to get bad karma and rot in hell. My source for this essay is the Boston Herald.

Best Summary and Analysis The Great Gatsby, Chapter 4

Best Summary and Analysis The Great Gatsby, Chapter 4 SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Fresh from theworld of organized parties that we saw in Chapter 3, now we dive head-first into the world of organized crime. In TheGreat GatsbyChapter 4, our narrator Nick gets a short private audience with one of New York’s premier gangsters - Meyer Wolfshiem, Gatsby’s business partner. But, just as Chapter 4 exposes the seamy side of get-rich-quick East Coast life, we also learn the origin story of Gatsby’s love for Daisy. So, basically: come toThe Great GatsbyChapter 4for human teeth as jewelry, stay for the thwarted romance. Quick Note on Our Citations Our citation format in this guide is (chapter.paragraph). We're using this system since there are many editions of Gatsby, so using page numbers would only work for students with our copy of the book. To find a quotation we cite via chapter and paragraph in your book, you can either eyeball it (paragraph 1-50: beginning of chapter; 50-100: middle of chapter; 100-on: end of chapter), or use the search function if you're using an online or eReader version of the text. The Great Gatsby: Chapter 4Summary Sunday morning, people come back to Gatsby’s.New rumors circulate – that Gatsby is a bootlegger and that he is the nephew of German General von Hindenburg (a successful military commander in the war). Nick makes a list of the people who came to Gatsby’s parties that summer. There are East Egg names that sound very WASPy, West Egg names that are distinctly more ethnic-sounding (with clearly German, Polish, Irish, and Jewish names featured), and a bunch of theater nameswho connect back to the idea of Gatsby as a theater producer. One morning in July, Gatsby picks Nick up in his beautiful car and takes him to Manhattan forlunch. They don’t have much to talk about, but suddenly, Gatsby tells Nick to ignore all the rumors about him – he’ll tell him the real deal. According to Gatsby, he was born to a wealthy Midwestern family, his parents are dead, and he was educated at Oxford per family tradition. Nick immediately thinks Gatsby is lying. Gatsby continues his story: he bummed around Europe depressed until the war, then fought bravely enough to get medals from all the Allied governments. Gatsby shows Nick a real-looking medal inscribed to him and a photograph from his Oxford days. Nick is convinced. Apparently this crazy, too-good-to-be-true story really is true. Gatsby tells Nick that this information is a kind of payment for a favor he will ask for later – mysteriously, Nick will find out what the favor is from Jordan. On the drive to Manhattan, Nick sees Mr. Wilson in his gas station. Gatsby is speeding, but when a policeman tries to pull him over, he shows the cop awhite card and the cop politely and apologetically waves them on. Gatsby claims that this happened because the police commissioner owes him a solid. Nick revels in the â€Å"anything goes† quality of Manhattan as they drive past a funeral procession and a car with both black and white passengers. Even Gatsby wouldn’t stand out here. At lunch, Gatsby introduces Nick to Meyer Wolfshiem, who is described in offensive anti-Semitic terms. Nick mocks his speech patterns, his appearance, and his mannerisms, which in his mind seem to connect as closely to Wolfshiembeing Jewish as to him being a gangster. Wolfshiem reminisces about another restaurant, where he witnessed a gangland execution (and was clearly an active participant in gang activity). Nick remembers the case, and that the shooters were put to death by electric chair. It suddenly turns out that Wolfsheim thinks that Gatsby introduced Nick as a potential business prospect, but Gatsby clarifies that Nick is simply a friend. Gatsby apologizes for not telling Nick about whatever the favor will be, and then takes off to make a phone call, leaving Nick and Wolfshiem together. Wolfshiem talks Gatsby up to Nick, confirming that he is an Oxford man.Wolfsheim then points out that his own cufflinks are made out of human molars, and out of nowhere says that Gatsby would never hit on a friend’s wife. When Gatsby returns, Wolfshiem takes off. Nick wonders what he does for a living, and Gatsby tells him that Wolfshiem is a gambler – and the man who fixed the 1919 World Series (what’s now also known as the â€Å"Chicago Black Sox Scandal†).Nick is staggered by the thought that one man could have done such a huge thing. Nick then sees Tom in the restaurant, and they go over to say hello. Gatsby becomes extremely uncomfortable and disappears. Later that day, Jordan tells Nick the following story: In 1917, when she was 16, Jordan became good friends with Daisy in Louisville. Daisy was 18, super popular, with a white car, white clothes, and tons of boys asking her out. On the day Daisy chose to single Jordan out as a new friend, Daisy was having a romantic afternoon with Jay Gatsby. A few years later, Jordan heard a story that Daisy had tried to run away from home to say goodbye to a soldier going overseas. Six months later, Daisy married Tom Buchanan in the biggest wedding ever. Tom’s wedding present to Daisy was a pearl necklace worth $350,000 (over five million dollars in today’s money). Jordan was one of Daisy’s bridesmaids. The night before the wedding, she found Daisy completely wasted, holding a letter. Daisy drunkenly cried and begged Jordan to call off the wedding. She then crumpled the letter up in the bathtub.But the next day, none of this was mentioned, and the wedding went fine. After the honeymoon, Daisy seemed very much in love with Tom, but Tom was already cheating on her. Daisy, meanwhile, has never had affairs – at least none that anyone knows about. Jordan finishes her story by saying that when Nick came to dinner with Daisy and Tom is the first time Daisy had heard the name Gatsby in all these years – and she realized that he was the same Gatsby she had known in Louisville. Nick is amazed at the coincidence. Jordan replies that it’s not a coincidence at all – Gatsby bought the house across the bay on purpose. Gatsby would like Nick to invite Daisy over one day, and then let Gatsby come over also, â€Å"accidentally† meeting Daisy there.Nick is floored by the insanity of this level of planning. Jordan thinks maybe Gatsby expected Daisy to come to one of his parties, and when that didn’t happen, he made up this new plan.Nick and Jordan make out. I, for one, would love to see the flow chart of Gatsby’s elaborately laborious planning process. Its wheels within wheels are at "Count of Monte Cristo" level! Key Chapter 4 Quotes "I'm going to make a big request of you today," he said, pocketing his souvenirs with satisfaction, "so I thought you ought to know something about me. I didn't want you to think I was just some nobody. You see, I usually find myself among strangers because I drift here and there trying to forget the sad thing that happened to me." (4.43) The more Gatsby seems to reveal about himself, the more he deepens the mystery– it’s amazing how clichà ©d and yet how intriguing the â€Å"sad thing† he mentions immediately is. It’s also interesting that Gatsby uses his origin story as a transaction – he’s not sharing his past with Nick to form a connection, but as advance payment for a favor. At the same time, there’s a lot of humor in this scene. Imagine any time you told anyone something about yourself, you then had to whip out some physical object to prove it was true! A dead man passed us in a hearse heaped with blooms, followed by two carriages with drawn blinds and by more cheerful carriages for friends. The friends looked out at us with the tragic eyes and short upper lips of south-eastern Europe, and I was glad that the sight of Gatsby's splendid car was included in their somber holiday. As we crossed Blackwell's Island a limousine passed us, driven by a white chauffeur, in which sat three modish Negroes, two bucks and a girl. I laughed aloud as the yolks of their eyeballs rolled toward us in haughty rivalry. "Anything can happen now that we've slid over this bridge," I thought; "anything at all. . . ." Even Gatsby could happen, without any particular wonder. (4.56-58) In a novel so concerned with fitting in, with rising through social ranks, and with having the correct origins, it’s always interesting to see where those who fall outside this ranking system are mentioned. Just he earlier described loving the anonymity of Manhattan, here Nick finds himself enjoying a similar melting-pot quality as he sees an indistinctly ethnic funeral procession (â€Å"south-eastern Europe† most likely means the people are Greek) and a car with both black and white people in it. What is now racist terminology is here used pejoratively, but not necessarily with the same kind of blind hatred that Tom demonstrates. Instead, Nick can see that within the black community there are also social ranks and delineations – he distinguishes between the way the fiveblack men in the car are dressed, and notes that they feel ready to challenge him and Gatsby in some car-related way. Do they want to race? To compare clothing? It’s unclear, but it adds to the sense of possibility that the drive to Manhattan always represents in the book. "Meyer Wolfshiem? No, he's a gambler." Gatsby hesitated, then added coolly: "He's the man who fixed the World's Series back in 1919." "Fixed the World's Series?" I repeated. The idea staggered me. I remembered of course that the World's Series had been fixed in 1919 but if I had thought of it at all I would have thought of it as a thing that merely happened, the end of some inevitable chain. It never occurred to me that one man could start to play with the faith of fifty million peoplewith the single-mindedness of a burglar blowing a safe. "How did he happen to do that?" I asked after a minute. "He just saw the opportunity." "Why isn't he in jail?" "They can't get him, old sport. He's a smart man." (4.3-9) Nick’s amazement at the idea of one man being behind an enormous event like the fixed World Series is telling. For one thing, the powerful gangster as a prototype of pulling-himself-up-by-his-bootstraps, self-starting man, which the American Dreamholds up as a paragon of achievement, mocks this individualist ideal. It also connects Gatsby to the world of crime, swindling, and the underhanded methods necessary to effect enormous change. In a smaller, less criminal way, watching Wolfshiem maneuver has clearly rubbed off on Gatsby and his convolutedly large-scale scheme to get Daisy’s attention by buying an enormous mansion nearby. Suddenly I wasn't thinking of Daisy and Gatsby any more but of this clean, hard, limited person who dealt in universal skepticism and who leaned back jauntily just within the circle of my arm. A phrase began to beat in my ears with a sort of heady excitement: "There are only the pursued, the pursuing, the busy and the tired." (4.164) Nick thinks this about Jordan while they are kissing. Two things to ponder: Which one does he think he is: the pursued or the pursuing? The busy or the tired? Perhaps we are meant to match these adjectives up to the two people involved in the main love story, in which case Gatsby is both the pursuing and the busy, while Daisy is the pursued and the tired. If Tom, Daisy, and Gatsby are locked into a romantic triangle (or square, if we include Myrtle), then Jordan and Nick are vying for the position of narrator. Nick presents himself as the objective, nonjudgmental observer – the confidant of everyone he meets. So it’s interesting that here we get his perspective on Jordan’s narrative style – â€Å"universal skepticism† – right after she gets to take over telling the story for a huge chunk of the chapter. Which is the better approach, we are being asked, the overly credulous or the jaded and disbelieving? Are we more likely to believe Jordan when she says something positive about someone since she is so quick to find fault? For example, it seems important that she be the one to state that Daisy hasn’t had any affairs, not Nick. Ladies and gentlemen, the 1919 Chicago â€Å"Black† Sox. Not major league baseball’s finest hour. The Great GatsbyChapter 4Analysis How does the text of this chapterinvoke the major themes of the novel? Let's investigate. Overarching Themes Society and Class. The list of East and West Egg names clearly ties into Tom’s earlier fixationon the book about the â€Å"white race† being in danger of being overwhelmed by â€Å"other races†. Here, we see that the people who until very recently were newcomer immigrants to America are now becoming rich enough to populate West Egg – and it is because of this seeming encroachment that the old money society is circling its wagons ever more. It is interesting that Gatsby’s mansion is a kind of demilitarized zone where these two groups of people encounter each other. The American Dream. Gatsby’s attempt to sell Nick on an origin story of himself as the scion of a wealthy family again points to his desire for self-invention and self-mythologizing. It also shows that he doesn’t want to present himself as an American Dream success story, but instead as an old money part of the upper crust. Morality and Ethics. The introduction of Meyer Wolfshiem focuses our attention on the criminal enterprise pervading the Roaring 20s during the Prohibition. Meyer’s active and powerful effect on the world around him – his ability to single-handedly fix the 1919 World Series – contrasts with the two other wealthy men we have met so far. Gatsby clearly at least somewhat admires Meyer’s abilities and also pursues his desire with a big and bold play. Tom, meanwhile, is powerful only in a physically intimidating way, but has neither the vision nor the follow-through for any large accomplishments. Love, Desire, and Relationships. The marriage of Tom and Daisygets more complicated when we see that Daisy had had some kind of romantic connection with Gatsby beforehand, that she had extreme cold feet before going through with the wedding, and that Tom started having affairs as soon as their honeymoon ended. This gives context to some of Daisy’s earlier despairand of course paints Tom in an even worse light. Unreliable Narrator. Finally, we get a chance to see what a different kind of narratorwould do with this story when Jordan takes over the storytelling duties for a while. She is judgmental, quick to mock her subjects, but the story she tells is psychologically cohesive and doesn’t contradict what we now know of the characters. We are left wondering whether a narrator who puts all their biases up front is better than one who pretends to be totally objective like Nick. Tom’s MOis to buy love - he pacifies Daisy’s cold feet with pearls, and later finds Myrtle’s moral qualms much cheaper to overcome. Crucial Character Beats Gatsby tells Nick an origin story: he’s the son of wealthy now-dead Midwesterners, he went to Oxford, and then he fought bravely in WWI. Not only that, but he has a medal and a photograph to prove it! Gatsby introduces Nick to Meyer Wolfshiem. He is clearly affiliated with the Jewish mafia. (In fact, he is based on the real-life gangster Arnold Rothstein.) He is depicted with every horrible anti-Semitic stereotype available – everything from his appearance to the way he speaks is a racist caricature. Jordan fills Nick on Daisy and Tom’s wedding. Daisy had had a romantic connection with Jay Gatsby before then, but ended up marrying Tom after a night of hysterically crying about wanting to call it off. A few months after the wedding, Tom was already cheating on her. Jordan also tells Nick that Gatsby bought the house across the bay from Tom and Daisy’s on purpose. He wants Nick to invite Daisy over so that Gatsby can then â€Å"accidentally† stop by. What’s Next? Get comfortable with the flashbacks and flashforwards of the narrative by checking out the chronological timelineof exactly what happens when in the story. Compare Gatsby and Daisy’s backstory with Fitzgerald’s own youthful love affairto see how authors mine their own experiences to build a richer fictional world. Move on to the summary of Chapter 5, or revisit the summary of Chapter 3. Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Dr. Anna Wulick About the Author Anna scored in the 99th percentile on her SATs in high school, and went on to major in English at Princeton and to get her doctorate in English Literature at Columbia. She is passionate about improving student access to higher education. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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How to Get Copies of Your Past Income Tax Returns

How to Get Copies of Your Past Income Tax Returns You can get either exact copies or brief â€Å"transcript† of your past U.S. federal tax returns from the IRS. Typically, you can request copies or transcripts of Tax Forms 1040, 1040A, and 1040EZ for up to 6 years after they were filed (after which they are destroyed by law). Copies of other types of tax forms may be available for longer than 6 years. Exact Copies - $50 Each You can request an exact copy of a past tax return by using IRS Tax Form 4506 (Request for Copy of Tax Return). Note that you can only order 1 type of tax return per request form, which means you must submit separate Forms 4506 if you need different types of returns. Make sure your full payment (of $50 per copy) is included with your request. Also keep in mind that it may take the IRS up to 75 days to process your request.Copies of jointly filed tax returns may be requested by either spouse and only one signature is required. Allow 60 calendar days to receive your copies. Transcripts of Tax Returns No Charge For many purposes, you can meet the requirements for past tax returns with a â€Å"transcript† – a computer print-out of the information on your old tax return – rather than an exact copy. A transcript may be an acceptable substitute for an exact copy of a return by the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services and lending agencies for student loans and mortgages.A tax return transcript will show most line items contained on the return as it was originally filed. If you need a statement of your tax account which shows changes that you or the IRS made after the original return was filed, however, you must request a tax account transcript. Both transcripts are generally available for the current and past three years and are provided free of charge. The period in which you will receive the transcript varies from within ten to thirty business days from the time the IRS receives your request for the tax return or tax account transcript.You can obtain a free t ranscript by calling the IRS at toll-free 800-829-1040 and following the prompts in the recorded message. You can also obtain a free transcript by completing IRS Form 4506-T (PDF), Request for Transcript of Tax Return, and mailing it to the address listed in the instructions. Why Would You Need Old Tax Returns? Why do thousands of taxpayers request copies of past returns every year? According to the IRS, there are lots of reasons, including: You Miscalculated: Something as simple as a minor math mistake on a tax form can leave you needing to resolve an issue with the IRS. Typically, you will need to re-file the return to resolve the problem.You Lost the Old Ones: Lots of taxpayers like or need to keep detailed tax records.You Need Proof: Many financial chores, like applying for a loan require proof of your past tax records.You Forgot Some Documents: The IRS might require you to recalculate your taxes is you forgot to attach certain documents. For example, you might need documents proving your deductions or a copy of a W2 form.You Are Filing for Bankruptcy: Let’s hope you never do, but if you are filing for bankruptcy you’ll need copies of your past tax returns. Being able to provide the bankruptcy court with a complete financial history is a top priority in the process. Note for Taxpayers Trying to Get or Modify a Home Loan To help taxpayers trying to obtain, modify or refinance a home mortgage, the IRS has created IRS Form 4506T-EZ, Short Form Request for Individual Tax Return Transcript. Transcripts ordered using Form 4506T may also be mailed to a third party, such as a mortgage institution  if specified on the form. You must sign and date the form giving your consent for the disclosure. Businesses, partnerships or individuals who need transcript information from other forms, such as Form W-2 or Form 1099, can use Form 4506-T (PDF), Request for Transcript of Tax Return, to obtain the information. These transcripts may also be mailed to a third party if there is consent for the disclosure. Note for Taxpayers Impacted by Federally Declared Disasters For taxpayer impacted by a federally declared disaster, the IRS will waive the usual fees and expedite requests for copies of tax returns for people who need them to apply for benefits or to file amended returns claiming disaster-related losses. For additional information, refer to IRS Tax Topic 107, Tax Relief Disaster Situations, or call the IRS Disaster Assistance Hotline at 866-562-5227.